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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − − − + − = Site characteristics = + − + − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> − − − + + − + − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). − − − − − + − + Line 72:
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Line 68: + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + − + − | − | − | − + Line 122:
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Line 173: + − + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities --> − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 227:
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Line 250: + + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − − − − − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − − + − + − + − + + − − <br> − − + + + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
Oba Hills Forest Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 07:07, 15 November 2020
, 07:07, 15 November 2020no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Oba Hills Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Oba Hills Forest Reserve.
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* Ape taxa present
* The site has a total size of 68 km².
* Ape population size
* Key threats to chimpanzees are XXXXX.
* Ape population trend
* Conservation activities have focused on XXXXXX.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* Key threats to apes are ...
* Additional information
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Located in the south-western state of Osun, in Nigeria, the site encompasses three hills and a valley in between.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|68 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|7.783 N, 4.117 E
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|Forest Reserve
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, savanna, shrubland, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Based on a survey in 2006, chimpanzees are likely to be extinct or nearly extinct in the area (Greengrass 2006). Only a chimpanzee-like vocalization was heard during the survey (Greengrass 2009). The last time local people reported seeing chimpanzees was in 2002 (Greengrass 2006), and in 1999 a dead chimpanzee was offered for sale in a nearby market (Oates et al. 2003 in Kormos et al. 2003).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2006
|
|
|
|
|
|0
|
|Oba Hills Forest Reserve
|
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and interviews
|
|Greengrass 2006
|
|
|
|
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Taungya farming has spread throughout the bottom of the hills, and also halfway up the slopes (Greengrass 2006). In 2006, the hills were also being deforested and logged; scrubby vegetation growing back on the hills was frequently burnt, thus preventing regeneration (Greengrass 2006). In the western part of Oba Hills, there was once a large teak plantation, covering 12% of the total area, but since the plantation has been over-exploited, only coppices remain (Greengrass 2006).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
|Unknown
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|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|
|All the land surrounding the three hills is subject to taungya farming, and the hills are being deforested; barely any forest is left (Greengrass 2006).
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|Teak plantation covered 12% of the area (Oates et al. 2003).
|
|
|
|Unknown
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
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|
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|The chimpanzee population has been hunted likely to the point of extirpation; hunting of other species (e.g., duikers) continues (Greengrass 2006, Wahab 2016).
|
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
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|
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|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High
|
|
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|Repeated anthropogenic bush fires in the core of the reserve (Wahab 2016).
|
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
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|Unknown
|
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|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
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|Absent
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|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
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|Absent
|
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|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|Unknown
|
|
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|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
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|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|
|The forest reserve was established in 1955 (Wahab 2016).
|
|Since 1955
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
INSERT PARAGRAPH(S)
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of financial means
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
|Greengrass 2006
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
|-
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
|Lack of law enforcement
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|Greengrass 2006
|-
|-
|
|Corruption
|
|Greengrass 2006
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Oba Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
===Relevant datasets===
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.<br>
Greengrass, E.J. (2009). Chimpanzees are close to extinction in Southwest Nigeria. Primate Conservation 24(1), 77-83. doi: 10.1896/052.024.0105<br>
Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I., Butynaki, T.M. (2003) West African Chimpanzees: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.<br>
Wahab, M.K.A. (2016). Wildlife Environmental Conservation: A Case Study of Oba Hill Forest Reserve. J Ecosys Ecograph, 6(214). doi: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000214<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 15/11/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->