View source for Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range

<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired. 
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
  1) Table structure cannot be changed.
  2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists. 
  3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Myanmar]] > [[Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|17.623991, 94.840521~[[Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range]]~Western Hoolock Gibbons
}}
</div>
* Western Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range.
* The total population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 1755 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are logging and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring and patrolling the area.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[File: Naw May Lay Thant Rakhine Youma.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range © Naw May Lay Thant]]
The site is located in western Myanmar (Burma), inland of the Bay of Bengal. 

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1755 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|17.623991, 94.840521
|-
|Designation
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, arable land, Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

The current population status is unknown, but gibbons are present based on community and survey team information (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|2008
|4
|1
|0.53
|southern Rakhine Yoma
|Fixed-point triangulation
|Geissmann et al. 2009
|The survey area was located in a small mountain ridge facing the Bay of Bengal adjacent to Taing Kyo village and,  further inland, Chaung Tha village in Thandwe district, Gwa township in Rakhine division.

|
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

Gibbons are mainly threatened by habitat loss due to logging (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present, severity unknown
|
|Cultivation of rice and other agricultural cash crops and subsistence crops encroaching the site due to lack of demarcation (Geissmann et al. 2009).
|2008-Ongoing(2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|0.19 signs/km, calculated from SMART data from both inside and outside (southern part of PA) of Rakhine (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).
|Hunting targeting mainly wild pigs and red muntjacs, but other wildlife get trapped in snares (Geissmann et al. 2009)
|2008-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|0.44 signs/km, calculated from SMART data from both inside and outside (southern part of PA) of Rakhine (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).
|Timber extraction for income and fuelwood (Geissmann et al. 2009).
|2009-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Extraction of NTFPs such as bamboo for construction and medicinal plants (Geissmann et al. 2009).
|2009-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|11.4 Storms & flooding
|High
|
|A cyclone in 2005 caused a lot of destruction of the forest in the site (Geissmann et al. 2009).
|2005
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division & Wildlife Conservation Society (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).
|2014-2020
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Biodiversity Fund, Rakhine Coastal Conservation Association & Community (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).
|2021-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site has been a protected area since 2002.
|2002-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023
|-
|Lack of financial means
|Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

In addition to a 2008 gibbon and biodiversity survey and training in southern Rakhine Yoma by Myanmar Primate Conservation Program, BANCA, FFI, PRCF and Yangon University, a project for community hoolock gibbon monitoring and protection, funded by Arcus Gibbon Foundation, Myanmar Biodiversity Fund and Rakhine Coastal Conservation Association, is taking place between 2021 and 2024 (Naw May Lay Thant pers. obs. 2023).

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=

= References =
Geissmann, T., Grindley, M., Momberg, F., Lwin, N., & Moses, S. (2009). Hoolock gibbon and biodiversity survey and training in southern Rakhine Yoma, Myanmar. Gibbon Journal, (5), 7-27. <br>

<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Naw May Lay Thant & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 10/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->