View source for Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Northwest bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) Landscape.
* It has been estimated that 355 (CI: 135-602) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 1,894 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are forest loss, habitat degradation and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising programs implemented by the WCS.
* The site is home to the largest population of orangutans in Sarawak, Malaysia.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

The Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape consists of two contiguous protected areas: the Batang Ai National Park and the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. The "Greater BALE landscape" includes areas surrounding BALE (Pandong et al. 2018). The BALE landscape contains the largest population of orangutans in Sarawak, Malaysia (Tisen & Silang 2016). Together with the Betung Kerihun National Park in Indonesia, the three protected areas (Betung Keihun, Batang Ai, and Lanjak-Entimau) form a transboundary biodiversity conservation area (WCS n.d.).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1,894 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.314962 N, 112.097504 E
|-
|Designation
|Protected Landscape
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, water storage areas [over 8 ha]
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

The Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape consists of two contiguous protected areas: the Batang Ai National Park and the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. The "Greater BALE landscape" includes areas surrounding BALE (Pandong et al. 2018). The BALE landscape contains the largest population of orangutans in Sarawak, Malaysia (Tisen & Silang 2016). Together with the Betung Kerihun National Park in Indonesia, the three protected areas (Betung Keihun, Batang Ai, and Lanjak-Entimau) form an important transboundary biodiversity conservation area (WCS n.d.).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2001
|
|0.7
|
|BALE landscape
|Line transects (Distance)
|Gurmaya & Silang 2002
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2004
|1,143–1,761
|
|
|BALE landscape
|Line transects (Distance)
Wich et al. 2008
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2011-2015
|355 (135-602)
|0.5249 ( 0.1964-0.8842)
|
|Greater BALE landscape
|Marked nest count method
|Pandong et al. 2018
|The Greater BALE landscape includes areas surrounding BALE.
|
|-
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

Forest loss, habitat degradation, and illegal hunting represent the main threats to orangutans at the site (BirdLife International 2021, WCS n.d.). Local communities living around the BALE landscape do not traditionally hunt orangutans, as the Ibans believed that their ancestors were reincarnated as orangutans (Pandong 2019). However, this cultural protection is on decline, as carcasses of orangutans have been found in the area with clear signs of killing (Pandong 2019).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Conversion of land into oil palm plantations (Pandong 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Industrial forest plantation has increased in Sarawak for over three decades with acacia
(Acacia mangium) as the preferred species, as it is fast-growing
and able to grow on poor and degraded soils (Pandong 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Logging roads that facilitate hunting activities (Pandong 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|The cultural taboo against hunting orangutans and the respect for the total ban of hunting (Pandong 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

Three more national parks have been gazetted outside the BALE landscape: Ulu Sebuyau National Park (July 2010), Sedilu National Park (September 2010) and Sabal National Park (August 2018). Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) have been active in the implementation of conservation interventions. Their activities have focused on education and awareness raising, as well as conducting orangutan surveys and rapid assessments, co-creating a Strategic Action Plan for orangutans, and developing a radio programme in the Iban language ([https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx WCS n.d.]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
|To engage the local communities, the orangutan radio program entitled “Jerita Bujang Sigat” or “The Saga of Bujang Sigat” was developed and aired. The goal of the program was to engage local communities to conserve orangutans and other wildlife in the BALE landscape (WCS n.d.).
|2011-2012, 2018
|-
|
|10.6. Integrate religion/local taboos into conservation education
|A collection of local folklores, stories, taboos and tales about orangutans exist around the BALE landscape have now been documented (they existed as oral stories before). The Iban language version of the folklores was officially launched by YBhg. Datu Sudarsono Osman, on 10th of August 2015. It has since been translated into English and both are now available for purchase at WCS and selected outlets in Sarawak (WCS n.d.).
|Ongoing
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|In 2013, two study sites, Ulu Katibas and Ulu Pasin were gazetted as extensions to the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (WCS n.d.). In addition, Batang Ai is a National Park.
|2013
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

The local community is reluctant to collaborate in patrols as field guides or assistants, because of a perceived view that, as a corporate entity, SFC was focussed on reducing losses, making profit, and increasing efficiency. The perceived view by the communities was also because of reduced numbers of park staff at Batang Ai National Park and Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, removal of the staff/village rotation system of hiring local communities, and less permanent and contract staff to work at the park (Pandong 2019).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Pandong 2019
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
|Pandong 2019
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau (BALE) landscape'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=
[https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx WCS Malaysia]

===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]

= References =
Pandong, J., Gumal, M., Alen, L. et al. (2018).Population estimates of Bornean orang-utans using Bayesian analysis at the greater Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau landscape in Sarawak, Malaysia. Sci Rep 8, 15672. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33872-3<br>
Pandong, J. (2019). Conservation Ecology of Bornean Orangutans in the Greater Batang AiLanjak-Entimau Landscape, Sarawak, Malaysia [Master's thesis, The University of Adelaide].<br>
Gurmaya, K.J. & Sundai, S. (2002). Development of Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary as a totally protected area. Phase III. ITTO Project PD 16/99 Rev.2 (F).: A study of habitat conditions, populations, and distribution of orangutans in Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary and Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama, Japan and Forest Department Sarawak. Malaysia.<br>
Wich, S.A., E. Meijaard, A.J. Marshall, et al. (2008). Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx. 42:329–339.<br>
Voigt, Maria, Wich, Serge A., Ancrenaz, Marc, Meijaard, Erik, Abram, Nicola, Banes, Graham L., Campbell-Smith, Gail, d’Arcy, Laura J., Delgado, Roberto A., Erman, Andi, and others. (2018). Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans. Current Biology, 28 (5). pp. 761-769. ISSN 0960-9822. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053) (KAR id:66068)<br>
WCS. (n.d.).WORKING TOWARDS CONSERVING ORANG-UTANS AND THEIR HABITATS.https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Working-towards-conserving-orang-utans-and-their-habitats.aspx<br>
WCS. (n.d.). Orang-utan.https://malaysia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Orang-utan-conservation-in-Sarawak.aspx<br>

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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 24/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->