View source for Garamba National Park Complex

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Garamba National Park Complex]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map →
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|4.192005 , 29.578278~[[Garamba National Park Complex]]~Eastern Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Garamba National Park Complex.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 14,795 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and armed conflict.
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, providing employment and non-monetary benefits to the local communities, such as healthcare.
* The site is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

The Garamba National Park Complex (GNPC) is located in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Garamba National Park was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 for its protection of critical habitat for elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses and the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros (UNESCO 2011). Since 2005, the park has been managed by African Parks in partnership with the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). The park spans 5,133 km2, and the adjacent domaines de chasse, or hunting areas, cover 9,662 km2. The hunting areas are: Azande, Mondo-Missa, and Gangala na Bodio (UNESCO 2011). The GNPC comprises a vast undulating plateau composed mainly of long-grass and dense bush savanna shaped by fire (UNESCO 2011). Situated between the Guinean and Sudanese biogeographic realms, the area is unusually diverse. Together with Manovo in the Central African Republic, the Garamba National Park is one of the most important habitats for a number of sudano-guinean species (UNESCO 2011). Until recently it contained the last viable natural population of northern white rhinoceros, ''Ceratotherium simum cottoni'', which have not been recorded in the park since 2008 (UNESCO 2021). Among 42 other mammal species, over 8,800 eastern chimpanzees have been recorded for the area around the Ituri forest, Okapi and Garamba (UNESCO 2011).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|14,795 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|4.192005 , 29.578278
|-
|Designation
|Conservation landscape
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, savanna, subtropical/tropical dry grassland, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

In 2008 a monitoring programme was set up to identify the distribution of chimpanzees (Africa Parks 2012). The monitoring involved chimpanzee tracking on foot (more than 3000 km have been covered), recording calls and counting nests. In 2011 a camera trap in the Mondo-Missa region recorded a chimpanzee ([https://www.africanparks.org/newsroom/press-releases/first-chimpanzee-caught-on-camera-trap Africa Parks 2012]). In 2021 and 2022 camera traps were deployed in Mondo-Missa and Azande hunting areas. Chimpanzee presence was confirmed again in Azande for the first time since 1994. The camera trap survey also led to the re-discovery of Oustalet’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus oustaleti'') in Azande (Laudisoit 2022). Furthermore, the presence of the Golden cat, Giant pangolin, Leopard, Yellow-backed duiker, Aardvark and Bongo were recorded in Mondo-Missa, and the Koreri forest fragment outside the park was found to hold a high density of chimpanzees, although given its small size, the fragment might be home to 6 or 7 individuals only (Laudisoit 2022).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2011
|
|
|Present
|Mondo Missa
|Camera trap survey
|AP 2012
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2022
|
|
|1.9
|Azande
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Laudisoit 2022
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2021-2022
|
|
|4.7
|Gbere, Mondo-Missa
|Line transects (Distance) and Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Laudisoit 2022
|152 chimpanzee nests were recorded along one 1.4 km transect; 5 individuals were identified
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2021
|
|
|7.3
|Buru, Mondo-Missa
|Line transects (Distance) and Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Laudisoit 2022
|54 nests were recorded along 1.8 km transect and 7.28 km recce; 11 individuals were identified
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2022
|
|
|0
|Kurukwata-Planteki fragment (1km2)
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Laudisoit 2022
|5.9km recce walked
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2022
|
|8.5
|5.3
|Kurukwata-Koreri fragment (0.7km2)
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Laudisoit 2022
|42 chimpanzee nests were recorded along our 7.9 km recce (N=2) of which 5 flimsy ground nests
|
|-
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture and habitat conversion in Buru and in the Kurukwata-Planteki forest fragment (Laudisoit 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|
|Small scale gold mining in Mondo-Missa. A total of 18 mine pits were recorded and collateral damage to the forest is visible with logged trees and slash-and-burnt areas to the west of the gallery forest (Laudisoit 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Poaching by nationals and trans-border armed groups (UNESCO 2021). Poachers made up of South Sudanese armed groups, the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) and others, mainly target the region’s remaining elephants for their ivory (Africa Parks https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/garamba).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|In Buru and Kurukwata-Planteki, logging, slash-and-burn practice and habitat conversion is the main threat (Laudisoit 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|
|Armed conflict and political instability threatening flagship species of the park (UNESCO 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The site has a canine unit available to improve surveillance in the park. The number of guards increased from 243 to 286 in 2021. The number of patrols has also increased, from 447 in 2018 to 744 in 2020, leading to arrests and seizures of illegal products (UNESCO 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
|Garamba employs over 500 full-time local staff with 2,000 more on short-term contracts ([https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/garamba Africa Parks]).
|Ongoing
|-
|
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|Access to health care and various activities covering educational to environmental services is provided to the park's staff and local communities as part of a sustainable development strategy (UNESCO 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

In the early 1950s a wealth of taxonomic information was gathered in an expedition, which was made available in a series of publications. In the early 1970s, the FAO gathered information on the rhinoceros and flew an aerial census of large mammal species. Since 1984, as part of a rehabilitation project, the rhino population has been investigated and monitored; general ecosystem monitoring was carried out, including aerial counts, vegetation description and habitat mapping. An experimental burning programme was also tested (UNESCO 2021).

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Garamba National Park Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=
[https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/garamba African Parks - Garamba]

= References =
Laudisoit, A. (2022). Chimpanzee monitoring within the Garamba NP Complex. Report to EcoHealth Alliance.<br>
UNESCO (2021). State of conservation: Garamba National Park. Online: https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4023 <br>
UNESCO (2011). Garamba National Park. Online: http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/output/site/garamba-national-park/ <br>

<br>
'''Page completed by: ''' Anne Laudisoit & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 21/02/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->