View source for Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area]]

= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->

* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are probably no longer present in Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area. 
* This site has a total size of 248.12 km².
* Key threat to chimpanzees is mining. 
* Conservation activities were not reported.
* The area has been designated an International Bird Area (IBA) and been proposed for a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).


= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is located in Bong county in central Liberia. The area has partially been deforested, especially along the edges (Christie et al. 2007). The area has also been affected by mining of the China Union Project (Johnson 2015). Bong Mountain has a core of steep land with a narrow zone of closed dense forest, but also has existing roads, a moderate population density on the margins, and a potential for iron ore production (Johnson 2015). Johnson (2015) mentions in her report that the boundaries of the Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area have been altered by the Forestry Development Authority in Liberia due to the mining operations that are/will be taking place in the area. Neither information on the altered geographical extent of this site, nor the flora and fauna in this area could be found.


'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
|248.12 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|6.87 N, -10.14 W
|-
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.   -->
|Proposed Protected Area (currently being altered/reconsidered by the Forestry Development Authority)
|-
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest, Rural Gardens
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
<br>

= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

It is likely that chimpanzees have become extinct at this site, as the area around Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been almost completely deforested (Christie et al. 2017, Junker pers. obs.) and because much of the site is currently being mined for iron ore (Johnson 2015). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees are likely to be absent from this area. However, no chimpanzee surveys have been conducted at this site. Because the entire Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been proclaimed a mining site (Johnson 2015), it will probably no longer be considered a protected area in the future.


'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|
|
|Likely to be absent
|Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

The southern part (about one third of the total area) of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been sold to a mining company, namely China Union Mining Co. The commodity that is being mined is iron ore. The total area of the mining site is 610 km2 (Wilson et al. 2017). The license type is a Class A mining license, which entails that mining is permitted in the proposed production area (no size limit) for at least 25 years (Wilson et al. 2017). The remaining part of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is under a Development Exploration License (DEL), which means that the license holder has to submit a proposed exploration program to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy within 90 days-, and shall commence exploration within 180 days after the issuance of an exploration license (Wilson et al. 2017). The company started production in early 2014 to June 2015, but later suspended operations in late 2015, as a result of the twin shock - Ebola virus disease in Liberia and the price of iron ore. The water in the area is heavily polluted, because of seepage of heavy metals from the iron ore mine into local creeks, wells and groundwater (Wilson et al. 2017).


'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat      <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|High
|
|Open pit mining for iron ore, Class A Exploration License and DEL issued in 2014 (Johnson 2015, Wilson et al. 2017)
|2014-present
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|9.2 Industrial & Military Effluents
|High
|
|Seepage from mining, six water samples were taken, iron, aluminum, calcium, boron, phosphorous, chromium, arsenic, and zinc were present in high concentrations (Wilson et al. 2017)
|2014-present
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

No conservation activities have been reported for the site.


'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->

No information on impediments has been documented.


'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

No information on research activities has been documented.


===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->


'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bong Mountain'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}


===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]

<br>

= References =
Christie T, Steining MK, John D, Peal A. 2007. Fragmentation and clearance of Liberia’s forests during 1986–2000. Oryx 41: 539–543.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017.  The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>


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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/09/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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