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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Danau Sentarum National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.8398906, 112.1057973~[[Danau Sentarum National Park]]~'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Danau Sentarum National Park.
* It has been estimated that 202 individuals inhabit the site.
* The population trend is decreasing.


= Site characteristics =

This site is commonly known for its freshwater biodiversity and most of the communities rely on capture fisheries and aquaculture as their main income sources. Other endemic species can be found in this site namely Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus), Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Clown loach (Botia macracanthus), False gharial (Tomistoma schlegeli), the Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) (Giesen & Aglionby 2000). This area is also listed as a Ramsar Site in 1994 and have been designated as part of Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2018.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|-
|Area
|1,320 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 0.8398906 , Lon:  112.1057973
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]] 
= Ape status =



'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2010-2014
|
|
|0.35 (0.13-0.95)
|202.49 (75.67-541.79)
|Danau Sentarum National Park
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|
|
|-
|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|1996.0
|
|
|
|806.73
|Danau Sentarum National Park
|Line transects
|
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|Re-calculation of the 1996 survey estimate by Russon et al. 2001 using different nest decay time.
|
|-
|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|1996.0
|
|
|
|1025.0
|Danau Sentarum National Park
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|Russon, Meijaard & Dennis 2000
|
|
|}

= Threats =



'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.2 Droughts
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Climate change has shifted the dry season in Danau Sentarum, causing a longer dry season between 1994 and 2001 for around 7 months compared to only 1-3 months previously (Onrizal et al. 2005).
|1994-2001
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Communities perceive that besides deforestation, hunting and poaching for illegal trade are common threats to orangutan population (Meijaard, Dennis & Erman 1996). Poaching by loggers has also occurred (Yuliani et al. 2023).
|1994-Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Forest fragmentation due to logging and plantations caused forest loss from 79 continuous closed forest areas in 1973, to 67 areas in 1990. The number of contiguous orangutan habitat patches decreased from 6 to 5 between 1973 and 1997 (Russon, Meijaard & Dennis 2000). The extent of usable habitat in the park declined from 754 km2 to 571.66 km2 (i.e., to 24.18%) and outside the park from 552 km2 to 489.67 km2 (i.e., to 11.29%) (Yuliani et al. 2023).
|1973-Ongoing (2014)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Forest fires are generally induced by human activities such as clearing land for shifting agriculture using fire or drained peat for land preparation (Giesen & Aglionby 2000).
|1990-Ongoing (2000)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
|Present (unknown severity)
|Local community memebers reported increase in illegal trade of orangutan infants along with widespread timber sales to Sarawak, Malaysia (Yuliani et al. 2023).
|2010-Ongoing (2014)
|}

[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list] 
= Conservation activities =



'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum has been conducting a monthly patrol to prevent forest fires in Danau Sentarum (Hapsari et al. 2022).
|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
|2019-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The orangutan population is larger inside than outside the park, suggesting that national park status and programmes (e.g., patrols), particularly after the DSNP Authority was established in 2007, have provided much better protection for both the orangutans and their habitat (Yuliani et al. 2023).
|
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|Education and public outreach to disseminate information, knowledge, and experience more broadly through hybrid meetings, and printing and digital media, such as bulletins, leaflets, manuals, social media platforms, websites, and workshops to raise awareness of the importance of orangutans and wildlife, the dangers of fire, waste management, etc (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
|Participatory reforestation in forest-fire sites with local species utilized by wild honeybees and plant enrichment as fodder for wildlife, and agroforestry lands such as planting tengkawang and other forest fruits, intercropping agricultural crops such as rubber, coffee, palm trees, and others (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Community training to increase capacity in NTFP development, such as training on sustainable honey harvesting, tengkawang oil production, forest fruit processing, and strengthening community group organizations (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024). Kemitraan Konservasion (or Conservation Partnership) is a program initiated by the Ministry of Forestry and the Environment which is the central government managing all national parks. One of the conservation partnership programs in this national park is honeybee farming which aims to increase families' income through sustainable livelihood (KSDAE, 2021).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi, Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|
|Other
|Forest fire prevention through raising awareness about the dangers of fire through prevention efforts, fire fighting training, providing fire fighting equipment, forming and strengthening community groups concerned with fire, and strengthening customary rules with active participation from the community (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|
|Other
|Strengthening of customary law or local rules in the management of conservation areas (work with government agencies and local communities): documentation of customary laws and local rules in sustainable natural resource management, redefining borders and regulations that are compatible with community welfare and environmental conservation (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024)
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}

[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]] 
= Challenges =

NA

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
|Giesen & Aglionby 2000
|1997-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
|Yasmi et al. 2007
|1998-2004
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|GIZ & FORCLIME 2020
|2019-Ongoing (2024)
|}

= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|}

= Research activities =

Yayasan Riak Bumi and CIFOR have done orangutan nest surveys inside the Danau Sentarum National Park. They have also conducted other studies related to local communities' perception and sustainable livelihoods use.
Another organization called People Resources and Conservation Foundation (PRCF) have conducted general biodiversity surveys through funding of The Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFC) Kalimantan managed by Yayasan KEHATI.
Tanjungpura University as one of the local universities in West Kalimantan also often conduct research on orangutan nesting, wildlife surveys, and vegetation analysis for both students' and lecturers' projects.
FOKKAB (Forum Konservasi Orangutan Kalimantan Barat or Conservation Forum of West Kalimantan Orangutan) is a regional organization focusing on orangutan data and its conservation. They also conduct regular nest surveys in and around Danau Sentarum National Park.

= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|}

= Exposure to climate change impacts =



= External links =



= Relevant datasets =



= References =

Giesen, W., & Aglionby, J. (2000). Introduction to danau sentarum national park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 31, 5-28.



GIZ and FORCLIME. 2020. Suggestions on funding mechanism for Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu Biosphere Reserve. FORCLIME: Jakarta. 



Hapsari, A., Rofiah, S., & Rudiyanto, W. 2022. Reducing risks from forest fire and disasters through a community-based forest fire brigade (MPA), a case study in Danau Sentarum National Park. XV World Forestry Congress. 2-6 May 2022, Coex, Seoul, South Korea. 



KSDAE. 2021. Melihat Sinergi Kemitraan Konservasi Kelompok Asosiasi Periau Muara Belitung. https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/artikel/9725/Melihat-Sinergi-Kemitraan-Konservasi-Kelompok-Asosiasi-Periau-Muara-Belitung.html



Onrizal., Kusmana, C., Saharjo., B. H., Handayani, I. P., Kato, T. (2005). Social and environmental issues of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas, 6(3), 220-223.



Russon, A. E., Meijaard, E., & Dennis, R. (2000). Declining orangutan populations in and around the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 372-385.



UNESCO. 2018. Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu. https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/betung-kerihun-danau-sentarum-kapuas-hulu



Yayasan Riak Bumi. (2024). What We Do. https://riakbumi.or.id/what-we-do/



Yasmi, Y., Colfer, C. J. P., Yuliani, L., Indriatmoko, Y., & Heri, V. (2007). Conflict management approaches under unclear boundaries of the commons: experiences from Danau Sentarum National Park, Indonesia. International Forestry Review, 9(2), 597-609.



Yuliani, E. L., Adnan, H., Achdiawan, R., Bakara, D., Heri, V., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. (2018). The roles of traditional knowledge systems in orang-utan Pongo spp. and forest conservation: a case study of Danau Sentarum, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx, 52(1), 156-165.



Yuliani, E. L., Bakara, D. O., Ilyas, M., Russon, A. E., Salim, A., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. C. H. (2023). Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus population estimate within and around Danau Sentarum National Park, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(4), e12916.



'''Page created by: '''Cristiar Samosir''' Date:''' 2024-11-26 07:17:00