View source for Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)

<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired. 
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
  1) Table structure cannot be changed.
  2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists. 
  3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|0.661443, 21.892545~[[Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)]]~Bonobos
}}
</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in the Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba).
* It has been estimated that a minimum of 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 74,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities have focused on land-use planning.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

The site consists of a block of forest corresponding approximately to the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba landscape delineated by the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The landscape is situated in the Maringa and Lopori river basins in the Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Approximately 67% of the site is covered by forest, with swamps covering an additional 26%. The remaining area is a young secondary forest and rural complex (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The block contains four areas offering various levels of protection: [[Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve]], [[Luo Scientific Reserve]], [[Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve]], and [[Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve]] (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|74,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|0.661443, 21.892545
|-
|Designation
|Unclassified
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

Through analysis of all available data from surveys conducted between 2003–2010, it has been estimated that there is a minimum population of 5,000 individuals in the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba block, making it an important stronghold for bonobos (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|5000
|
|
|Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)
|Model estimate
|[https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo IUCN & ICCN 2012]
|minimum estimate
|
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

The main threats to bonobos in the forest block are poaching, habitat loss, and the risk of disease transmission. The area is far from urban centres and experiences high levels of poverty and reliance on natural resources obtained through slash-and-burn agriculture, fishing, and hunting (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture, leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Poaching is the most serious threat to bonobos across their range (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

Since 2006, a major participative land-use planning exercise has been conducted, covering about 70% of the landscape (IUCN & ICCN 2012). This work has designated a mosaic of protected areas, community-based natural resource management areas, sylvo-agro-pastoral zones and logging concessions, with the objective of maintaining forest cover and forest connectivity (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Other
|Land-use planning to maintain forest connectivity (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Northern block (Maringa-Lopori-Wamba)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=

= References =
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp. Online: https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo <br>

<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/05/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->