View source for Yoko Council Forest

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Yoko Council Forest]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|5.063443, 12.625930~[[Yoko Council Forest]]~Chimpanzees
}}
</div>
* chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes'') are present in Yoko Council Forest.
* It has been estimated that 113 (CI: 45-280) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 295 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are pastoral transhumance and hunting.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

Yoko Council forest is located in central Cameroon. The chimpanzees found in the forest may be ''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', but DNA tests have yet to confirm the subspecies (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023). The forest is owned by the council of Yoko, and villages around the council forest should normally benefit from the exploitation of its natural resources. Other endangered species found at the site include giant pangolins, white-bellied pangolins, black-bellied pangolins, and African golden cats (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|295 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|5.063443, 12.625930
|-
|Designation
|Council forest (non-protected)
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

In 2022, a study was conducted to assess the chimpanzee population density and distribution in the site, as well as habitat use, and threats (Kamgang et al. 2023).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes''
|2022
|113 (45-280)
|0.38 (0.15-0.94)
|
|Yoko Council Forest 
|Marked nest count
|Kamgang et al. 2023
|average chimpanzee nest density of 69.3 [95% CI 54.9-86.7] nests/km2
|
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

During a 2022 survey of the area, the signs of human activities were collected, namely poaching signs (traps, shell casings, hunting camps), pastoral transhumance clues (cattle droppings, camps, burning or degraded areas, cattle, and illegal logging) and fishing clues (fishing barriers, fishing camps). The main threats recorded were transhumance (frequency of observation: 75.33%), hunting (13. 66%), logging (8.81%) and fishing (2.2%), which were mainly observed in the south-west sector of the forest (Kamgang et al. 2023).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Nomadic grazing; occupation of all savannah spaces by herds of cattle, sheep, Mbororo tracks and burns to facilitate the movement of herds and the renewal of pastures (Kamgang et al. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|
|Traps, shell casings, and hunting camps recorded (Kamgang et al. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium
|
|Illegal logging (Kamgang et al. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

GIZ (Gesellschaft fur International Zusammenarbeit) program ProFEC- Program Forest, Environment and Climate is working since 2020 in and around the Yoko Council forest. They support the council of Yoko with the elaboration of a management plan for the council forest, which will focus on conservation objectives. The management plan will be aligned with the biomonitoring plan, which is being elaborated by the GIZ for the council forest and validated by the council. Moreover, the same GIZ program is working with the communities around the forest to develop income generating activities (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|Since 2020 a GIZ program is working with the communities around the forest to develop income generating activities (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023).
|2020-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

A 2022 study by Kamgang et al. (2022) estimated a chimpanzee nest decay rate of 77.3 days, for an estimated abundance of about 113 [95% CI 45-280] chimpanzees in the forest. Chimpanzees were found to be nesting in ''Marantaceae'' forests and swampy forests instead of savannah, mosaics-savannah forests, and galleries forests. 24 nesting tree species of chimpanzees have been recorded with ''Khaya grandifolia'' and ''Uapaca guineensis'' being the most used trees (Kamgang et al. 2023).

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=

= References =
Kamgang, S. A., Dongmo, E. M., Kirsten, I., Jefferson, P. M. J., Mveimané, A., Bastin, D., ... & Eric-Moise, B. F. (2023). The Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Yoko Council Forest in Cameroon: Abundance, Activity Pattern and Threats. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 8(2), 38. <br>

<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Serge Kamgang & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 02/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->