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Line 253: − + − + − + − |ongoing+ − |- − | − − |awareness campaigns during the Ebola crisis informed people living near the park about the risks of handling and consuming bushmeat as a preventative measure [10] − |2014-2016 − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 280:
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Line 312: − Weak law enforcement has been cited as a major impediment (Greengrass 2016, N'Goran et al. 2010). As part of enforcing the protection of the park, the need to officially demarcate the buffer zone around the park has been stressed, as this area represents important habitat for chimpanzees (Tweh et al. 2018). Administrative weakness and lack of logistical and technical support have also been mentioned as challenges for Fauna & Flora International's long-term bio-monitoring programme (Waitkuwait 2003). + − <br><br>+ − [[Impediments list]]+ − <br>+ + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − Chimpanzees have been observed cracking nuts at this site using a hammer-and-anvil technique; more specifically, they were observed using hammer stones, but no evidence was found that they also use wooden clubs (Anderson et al. 1983). + − In addition, chimpanzees in Sapo National Park are carnivorous (Anderson et al. 1983).+ + + + + + + + Line 324:
Line 350: − [1] Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J.(2018) Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp. <br>+ − [2] N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. (2010) Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire. <br>+ − [3] Anderson, R., Williamson, E.A., and Carter, J. (1983) Chimpanzees of Sapo Forest, Liberia: density, nests, tools and meat-eating. PRIMAaXS, 24(4): 594-601. <br>+ − [4] Waitkuwait, W.E. (2003) Report on the First Year of Operation of a Community-based Bio-monitoring Programme in and around Sapo National Park, Sinoe County, Liberia. Report. Fauna and Flora International. <br>+ − [5] Vogt, M. (2011) Results of Sapo National Park Bio-Monitoring Programme 2007-2009. Report. Fauna & Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia. <br>+ − [6] Greengrass, E. (2015) Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in Sapo National Park. Oryx 50(3), 397–404. <br>+ − [7] Collen, B., Howard, B., Konie, J., Daniel, O., and Rist, J. (2011) Field surveys for the endangered pygmy hippopotamus Choerpsis liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Oryx, 45(1), 35–37. <br>+ − [8] CDC (2017) 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak Distribution in West Africa. Online: https://www.cdc.gov <br>+ − [9] Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (2019) Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018. <br> − [10] Ordaz-Németh, I., Arandjelovic, M., Boesch, L., Gatiso, T., Grimes, T., Kühl,H.S., Lormie, M., Stephens, C., Tweh, C., and Junker, J. (2017) The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African the West African Ebola crisis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11: e0005450. <br>
no edit summary
|1983
|1983
|
|
|0.24 individuals/km²
|0.24
|present
|present
|southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)
|southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)
|transect survey
|Line transects (Distance)
|Anderson et al. 1983
|Anderson et al. 1983
|total survey effort: 42.7 km
|total survey effort: 42.7 km
|present
|present
|Sapo National Park
|Sapo National Park
|transect survey
|Line transects (Distance)
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
|
|
|
|
|0.27 signs/km
|0.27
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
|transect survey
|Line transects (Distance)
|Vogt 2011
|Vogt 2011
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
|Western chimpanzee
|Western chimpanzee
|2009
|2009
|1,079 (CI: 713-1,633)
|1079 (CI: 713-1633)
|0.86 individuals/km²
|0.86
|4.05 nests/km
|4.05
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
|transect survey
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|
|
|Western chimpanzee
|Western chimpanzee
|2016-2017
|2016-2017
|1,055 (CI: 595-1,870)
|1055 (CI: 595-1870)
|0.83 individuals/km²
|0.83
|encounter rate
|
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
|transect survey
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tweh et al. 2018
|Tweh et al. 2018
|total survey effort: 38.38 km
|total survey effort: 38.38 km
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|high
|High
|illegal settlement of miners; in 2010 there were an estimated 18,000 illegal settlers [5]
|18,000 settlers in 2010
|
|Illegal settlement of miners (Vogt 2011)
|2010
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|present
|Present
|present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown [2]
|
|ongoing
|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|high
|High
|illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 [1]
|
|ongoing
|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019)
|Ongoing (2018, 2019)
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|present
|Present
|development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park [6]
|
|ongoing
|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|high
|High
|poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park [1, 2, 6], and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas [6]
|Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018)
|ongoing
|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015)
|Ongoing (2010, 2015, 2018)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|high
|High
|two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources [6, 7]
|
|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011)
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|unknwon
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|present
|Unknown
|Ebola virus disease was present in Sinoe county (where the park is located) during the 2014-2016 epidemic [8]
|
|2014-2016
|
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|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|unknown
|Absent
|
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|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularl patrol the site [9]
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019)
|ongoing
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
|
|
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling [9]
|Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|5.14. Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of wild primate meat
|-
|-
|
|
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies
|long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population [1]
|Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018)
|ongoing
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location
|eviction of up to 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government [5]
|Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011)
|2010
|2010
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|as part of a long-term bio-monitoring programme, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys [1]
|As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018)
|ongoing
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|the area is designated as National Park
|The area is designated as National Park (N’Goran et al. 2010)
|since 1983
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|absent
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXXXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
|-
|Lack of technical means
|Tweh et al. 2018
|-
|Lack of logistical means
|Waitkuwait 2003
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities, and keyword list of documented behaviours -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Several surveys have been done in the park to monitor the chimpanzee population (e.g., N'Goran et al. 2010, Tweh et al. 2018), assess the impacts of conservation interventions (Tweh et al. 2018), investigate the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees in the park (Anderson et al. 1983), and investigate the impact of hunting pressure in the area (Greengrass 2016).
Several surveys have been done in the park to monitor the chimpanzee population (e.g., N'Goran et al. 2010, Tweh et al. 2018), assess the impacts of conservation interventions (Tweh et al. 2018), investigate the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees in the park (Anderson et al. 1983), and investigate the impact of hunting pressure in the area (Greengrass 2015).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- Paragraph describing any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for XXXXXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Nut cracking
|Anderson et al. 1983
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
===Relevant datasets===
= References =
= References =
Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp. <br>
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire. <br>
Anderson, R., Williamson, E.A., and Carter, J. 1983. Chimpanzees of Sapo Forest, Liberia: density, nests, tools and meat-eating. PRIMAaXS, 24(4): 594-601. <br>
Waitkuwait, W.E. 2003. Report on the First Year of Operation of a Community-based Bio-monitoring Programme in and around Sapo National Park, Sinoe County, Liberia. Report. Fauna and Flora International. <br>
Vogt, M. 2011. Results of Sapo National Park Bio-Monitoring Programme 2007-2009. Report. Fauna & Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia. <br>
Greengrass, E. 2015. Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in Sapo National Park. Oryx 50(3), 397–404. <br>
Collen, B., Howard, B., Konie, J., Daniel, O., and Rist, J. 2011. Field surveys for the endangered pygmy hippopotamus Choerpsis liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Oryx, 45(1), 35–37. <br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 19/03/19 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 19/03/19 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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