Difference between revisions of "Bugoma Forest Reserve"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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   1) Table structure cannot be changed
 
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   2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.  
 
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bugoma Forest Reserve]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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[[File:BugomaChimps.JPG | 350px | thumb| right |Bugoma chimpanzees © Cat Hobaiter]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Bugoma Forest Reserve.
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* The chimpanzee population size is unknown; the density in 2006 was 1.99 individuals per km².
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 400 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and clearing land for agriculture.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on providing clean water access and raising conservation awareness.
  
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* Ape taxa present
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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* Ape population size
 
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
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= Site characteristics =
 
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|400 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|1.304 N, 31.016 E
 
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|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|Central Forest Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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In 2006, the density of chimpanzees was estimated to be 1.99 chimpanzees/km² (Plumptre & Cox 2006).
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
 
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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|2006
 
|
 
|
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|1.99
 
|
 
|
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|Bugoma Forest
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Plumptre & Cox 2006
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|Survey effort: 511.2 km
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|
 
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|
 
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|}
 
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
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−
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|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Encroachment of forest habitat for farming affecting the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Sugarcane companies are clearing land within the reserve (Lewton 2020).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
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−
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|Absent
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Busy dirt road cuts through the main forest block and divides chimpanzees' (and other species') territory - danger from speeding vehicles (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
−
|
+
|-
−
|
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|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 +
|The whole forest is affected.
 +
|Snares placed for duiker and bush pigs also trap chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are also directly targeted by hunters (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
−
|
+
|The whole forest is affected.
−
|
+
|Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species. Trees illegally felled for charcoal burning and firewood, particularly around the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
 
 
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|Absent
 
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|
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
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−
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|Absent
 
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|-
 
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
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|
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|The whole forest is affected.
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|
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|Respiratory outbreaks. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
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|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
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|
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
−
|
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|The whole forest is affected.
−
|
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|Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
|
 
|
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
 +
The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project was established in 2015, and works in collaboration with local communities surrounding the reserve on a number of conservation activities, including school classes, plastic waste recycling, and clean water programs.
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
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−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions
−
|
+
|The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project visits local schools and communities to talk about the Bugoma Forest, and hold conservation film nights (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.)
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Clean water access program (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.)
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Civil unrest
−
|
+
|(Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
 
+
Following initial surveys in 2015, systematic habituation of chimpanzee communities started in 2016 and is ongoing. Several groups of Ugandan mangabey are already habituated. Systematic data collection on chimpanzee behaviour, forest tree phenology, illegal activities, rainfall, and temperature are collected by the Bugoma Primate Conservation Project.
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
+
[[File:Optimized-BugomaCFR_Satmap.jpeg| 350px | thumb| right | Bugoma Forest Reserve]]
−
 
 
−
 
 
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bugoma Forest Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://bugomaprimates.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Bugoma Primate Conservation Project] <br>
 +
[https://twitter.com/BugomaPrimates Bugoma Primate Conservation Project on Twitter] <br>
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Lewton, T. (2020, November 5). Uganda environment authority greenlights clearing of Bugoma Forest. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/11/uganda-environment-authority-greenlights-clearing-of-bugoma-forest/ <br>
 +
Plumptre, A.J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47, 65-73. <br>
 +
Bugoma Primate Conservation Project (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://bugomaprimates.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/research/ <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
+
'''Page completed by: '''Cat Hobaiter & Thibaud Gruber''' Date:''' 18/11/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
−
 
 
−
<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 10:54, 19 November 2020

East Africa > Uganda > Bugoma Forest Reserve

Summary[edit]

Bugoma chimpanzees © Cat Hobaiter
  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Bugoma Forest Reserve.
  • The chimpanzee population size is unknown; the density in 2006 was 1.99 individuals per km².
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 400 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and clearing land for agriculture.
  • Conservation activities have focused on providing clean water access and raising conservation awareness.

Site characteristics[edit]

Table 1. Basic site information for Bugoma Forest Reserve

Area 400 km²
Coordinates 1.304 N, 31.016 E
Designation Central Forest Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

In 2006, the density of chimpanzees was estimated to be 1.99 chimpanzees/km² (Plumptre & Cox 2006).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bugoma Forest Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2006 1.99 Bugoma Forest Line transects (Distance) Plumptre & Cox 2006 Survey effort: 511.2 km

Threats[edit]

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bugoma Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity is unknown Encroachment of forest habitat for farming affecting the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Sugarcane companies are clearing land within the reserve (Lewton 2020). Ongoing (2020)
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity is unknown Busy dirt road cuts through the main forest block and divides chimpanzees' (and other species') territory - danger from speeding vehicles (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown The whole forest is affected. Snares placed for duiker and bush pigs also trap chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are also directly targeted by hunters (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
5. Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity is unknown The whole forest is affected. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species. Trees illegally felled for charcoal burning and firewood, particularly around the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin Present, but threat severity is unknown The whole forest is affected. Respiratory outbreaks. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration Present, but threat severity is unknown The whole forest is affected. Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project was established in 2015, and works in collaboration with local communities surrounding the reserve on a number of conservation activities, including school classes, plastic waste recycling, and clean water programs.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bugoma Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project visits local schools and communities to talk about the Bugoma Forest, and hold conservation film nights (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.) Ongoing
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Clean water access program (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.) Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bugoma Forest Reserve

Challenge Source
Civil unrest (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020)

Research activities[edit]

Following initial surveys in 2015, systematic habituation of chimpanzee communities started in 2016 and is ongoing. Several groups of Ugandan mangabey are already habituated. Systematic data collection on chimpanzee behaviour, forest tree phenology, illegal activities, rainfall, and temperature are collected by the Bugoma Primate Conservation Project.

Bugoma Forest Reserve

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bugoma Forest Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links[edit]

Bugoma Primate Conservation Project
Bugoma Primate Conservation Project on Twitter

Relevant datasets[edit]

A.P.E.S Portal

References[edit]

Lewton, T. (2020, November 5). Uganda environment authority greenlights clearing of Bugoma Forest. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/11/uganda-environment-authority-greenlights-clearing-of-bugoma-forest/
Plumptre, A.J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47, 65-73.
Bugoma Primate Conservation Project (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://bugomaprimates.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/research/


Page completed by: Cat Hobaiter & Thibaud Gruber Date: 18/11/2020

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