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Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area (view source)
Revision as of 07:52, 28 October 2019
, 07:52, 28 October 2019Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
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1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 837 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Kpo Mountains forms part of a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) spanning Kpelle Forest and Lorma National Forest.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area encompasses the Kpo Mountain range, Bulubala Mountain, an important section of the Ba Creek watershed, and surrounding closed dense forest lowlands which connect these otherwise steep and relatively narrow mountain ranges. It is one of Liberia’s remaining forests with rich biodiversity. Though not close to the Gola Forest National Park and the Foya Proposed Protected Area, it serves as host for wildlife transiting from these areas (FDA 2017). A site of intermediate importance for the vulnerable zebra duiker ''Cephalophus zebra'' and pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'', and the endangered Diana monkey ''Cercopithecus diana'' (Johnson 2015). Apart from chimpanzees ''Pan troglodytes verus'', survey teams of the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey (Tweh et al. 2014) found numerous signs of Maxwell duiker ''Philantomba maxwellii'', Bay duiker ''Cephalophus dorsalis'', bushbuck ''Tragelaphus scriptus'', sooty mangabey ''Cercocebus atys'', lowland Bongo ''Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus'', red river hog ''Potamochoerus porcus'', and the forest buffalo ''Syncerus caffer nanus'' in vicinity of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|837 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|-10.469408 W, 7.764371 N
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In 2017, the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) published a request for expressions of interest for provision of consultancy services to carry out a biological baseline survey of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area and carry out a socio-economic study of the local communities (FDA 2017). However, no information about surveys in this area could be found. Although Tweh and colleagues (2014) did not survey Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area directly, they found a few nests and feeding signs of chimpanzees on recces and line transects in the forests north-west and south-west of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area (Kpelle Forest), as well as to the far east of this area (Lorma National Forest) (Junker unpubl. data). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees are likely to occur in this area. Further analysis of the nationwide dataset revealed that Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area was located in the fifth highest ranked conservation priority area in terms of chimpanzee density, and mammal and tree diversity (Junker et al. 2015). Interview surveys showed that several villages to the west of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area in Kpelle Forest practice taboos against the killing and eating of chimpanzees (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|Likely to be present
|
|
|Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey, teams encountered moderate amounts of hunting signs in the forests around Kpo Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data). However, no line transects or recces were surveyed directly inside Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area. A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold and other base metals and iron ore owned by BCM International Liberia Ltd., SALMEC Resources Ltd., and Mining and Exploration Services Liberia Ltd. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017). Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permit (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|
|Mining for gold and other minerals (Johnson 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|Low
|
|Area overlapped with PUPs, which have been withdrawn
|2013-2015
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Forestry Development Authority (FDA) 2017. Request for Expressions of Interest for Provision of Consultancy Services. Liberia Forest Sector Project, Project Id: P154114, Grant Id: Tfa2427. (15 October 2019; https://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Community_37.pdf). <br>
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness. <br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR). <br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002. <br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191. <br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 837 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Kpo Mountains forms part of a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) spanning Kpelle Forest and Lorma National Forest.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area encompasses the Kpo Mountain range, Bulubala Mountain, an important section of the Ba Creek watershed, and surrounding closed dense forest lowlands which connect these otherwise steep and relatively narrow mountain ranges. It is one of Liberia’s remaining forests with rich biodiversity. Though not close to the Gola Forest National Park and the Foya Proposed Protected Area, it serves as host for wildlife transiting from these areas (FDA 2017). A site of intermediate importance for the vulnerable zebra duiker ''Cephalophus zebra'' and pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'', and the endangered Diana monkey ''Cercopithecus diana'' (Johnson 2015). Apart from chimpanzees ''Pan troglodytes verus'', survey teams of the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey (Tweh et al. 2014) found numerous signs of Maxwell duiker ''Philantomba maxwellii'', Bay duiker ''Cephalophus dorsalis'', bushbuck ''Tragelaphus scriptus'', sooty mangabey ''Cercocebus atys'', lowland Bongo ''Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus'', red river hog ''Potamochoerus porcus'', and the forest buffalo ''Syncerus caffer nanus'' in vicinity of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|837 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|-10.469408 W, 7.764371 N
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In 2017, the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) published a request for expressions of interest for provision of consultancy services to carry out a biological baseline survey of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area and carry out a socio-economic study of the local communities (FDA 2017). However, no information about surveys in this area could be found. Although Tweh and colleagues (2014) did not survey Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area directly, they found a few nests and feeding signs of chimpanzees on recces and line transects in the forests north-west and south-west of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area (Kpelle Forest), as well as to the far east of this area (Lorma National Forest) (Junker unpubl. data). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees are likely to occur in this area. Further analysis of the nationwide dataset revealed that Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area was located in the fifth highest ranked conservation priority area in terms of chimpanzee density, and mammal and tree diversity (Junker et al. 2015). Interview surveys showed that several villages to the west of Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area in Kpelle Forest practice taboos against the killing and eating of chimpanzees (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|Likely to be present
|
|
|Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey, teams encountered moderate amounts of hunting signs in the forests around Kpo Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data). However, no line transects or recces were surveyed directly inside Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area. A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold and other base metals and iron ore owned by BCM International Liberia Ltd., SALMEC Resources Ltd., and Mining and Exploration Services Liberia Ltd. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017). Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permit (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|
|Mining for gold and other minerals (Johnson 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|Low
|
|Area overlapped with PUPs, which have been withdrawn
|2013-2015
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Kpo Mountains Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Forestry Development Authority (FDA) 2017. Request for Expressions of Interest for Provision of Consultancy Services. Liberia Forest Sector Project, Project Id: P154114, Grant Id: Tfa2427. (15 October 2019; https://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Community_37.pdf). <br>
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness. <br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR). <br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002. <br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191. <br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>