Difference between revisions of "Kibira National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Burundi]] > [[Kibira National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Kibira National Park.
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* It has been estimated that 204 (CI: 122 – 339) individuals occur in the site.
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 400 km².
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* Key threats to  chimpanzees are hunting and logging.
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* Conservation activities have focused on running tourist projects and involving local communities.
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* The park is adjacent to [[Nyungwe Forest National Park]] in Rwanda.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Located in northwestern Burundi, Kibira National Park is contiguous with [[Nyungwe Forest National Park]] in Rwanda; together they form a 130,000 ha montane forest block (BirdLife International 2020). The site lies from 1,600 to 2,666 m of altitude. Until 1933, Kibira was a royal hunting reserve ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). Historically, parts of the forest in Kibira have been very important to local people, who consider it sacred and possessing magical qualities ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). Between 1933 and 1980 Kibira was classified as the Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, under Belgian rule and after Burundian Independence in 1962 ([http://www.fao.org/3/Y4853E/y4853e08.htm FAO]). From 1980, active conservation efforts began at the site; in the same year, it was declared a National Park (Hakizimana et al. 2015). In addition to Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other primate species found at the site include Ruwenzori colobus (''Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii''), golden monkey (''Cercopithecus mitis kandti''), and L'Hoest's monkey (''Cercopithecus l’hoesti''). The park is also home to many of the Albertine Rift endemic bird species, and is a designated Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|400 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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| -3.001130 S, 29.495718 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical montane forest
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
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! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
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! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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|-
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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|2011-2013
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|204 (122 – 339)
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|0.509 (0.305 – 0.847)
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|
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|Kibira National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Hakizimana & Huynen 2013
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|Survey effort: 864 km
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|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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Kibira forest originally covered about 900 km², but this was reduced to 400 km² as a result of a tea plantation extension program implemented by the government in the 1970s. As the land surrounding Kibira National Park was particularly suitable for tea cultivation, a large area was deforested for the program (Hakizimana et al. 2015). Rebels who occupied the forest during several years of civil conflict, between 1994 and 2007, logged and extensively hunted large mammals (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|High
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|
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|Deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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|1970s
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Hunting by rebels who occupied the forest (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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|
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Logging by rebels who occupied the forest for several years (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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|
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
 +
|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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[https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/making-environmental-conservation-gainful-local-communities-burundi BirdLife International - Kibira National Park]
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|9. Pollution
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|10. Education & Awareness
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 +
|The site is a National Park.
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|12. Species Management
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|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
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|Chimpanzee tracking, bird watching, safaris, and other activities offered ([https://www.kibiranationalparkburundi.com/ Kibira National Park]).
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
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 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
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|-
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|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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 +
A study found that chimpanzees in Kibira National Park are selective in the choice of nest trees, preferring to nest in ''Parinari excelsa'' trees, which occur in low densities at the park. On the other hand, the more abundant ''Macaranga kilimandscharica'' trees were less used (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kibira National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source
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|-
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|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
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|}
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=External links=
 +
[https://www.kibiranationalparkburundi.com/ Kibira National Park]
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===Relevant datasets===
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
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= References =
 +
BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kibira National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 08/12/2020. <br>
 +
Hakizimana, D., Hambuckers, A., & Brotcorne, F. (2015). Characterization of nest sites of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Kibira National Park, Burundi.African Primates, 10,1–12. <br>
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Hakizimana, D. & Huyne, M. (2013). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Density and Abundance in Kibira National Park, Burundi. Pan Africa News, 20(2). <br>
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 +
<br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 11:32, 14 January 2021

East Africa > Burundi > Kibira National Park

Summary

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kibira National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 204 (CI: 122 – 339) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 400 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on running tourist projects and involving local communities.
  • The park is adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda.

Site characteristics

Located in northwestern Burundi, Kibira National Park is contiguous with Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda; together they form a 130,000 ha montane forest block (BirdLife International 2020). The site lies from 1,600 to 2,666 m of altitude. Until 1933, Kibira was a royal hunting reserve (FAO). Historically, parts of the forest in Kibira have been very important to local people, who consider it sacred and possessing magical qualities (FAO). Between 1933 and 1980 Kibira was classified as the Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, under Belgian rule and after Burundian Independence in 1962 (FAO). From 1980, active conservation efforts began at the site; in the same year, it was declared a National Park (Hakizimana et al. 2015). In addition to Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), other primate species found at the site include Ruwenzori colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), and L'Hoest's monkey (Cercopithecus l’hoesti). The park is also home to many of the Albertine Rift endemic bird species, and is a designated Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kibira National Park

Area 400 km²
Coordinates -3.001130 S, 29.495718 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kibira National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2011-2013 204 (122 – 339) 0.509 (0.305 – 0.847) Kibira National Park Line transects (Distance) Hakizimana & Huynen 2013 Survey effort: 864 km

Threats

Kibira forest originally covered about 900 km², but this was reduced to 400 km² as a result of a tea plantation extension program implemented by the government in the 1970s. As the land surrounding Kibira National Park was particularly suitable for tea cultivation, a large area was deforested for the program (Hakizimana et al. 2015). Rebels who occupied the forest during several years of civil conflict, between 1994 and 2007, logged and extensively hunted large mammals (Hakizimana et al. 2015).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Kibira National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion (Hakizimana et al. 2015). 1970s
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity is unknown Hunting by rebels who occupied the forest (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity is unknown Logging by rebels who occupied the forest for several years (Hakizimana et al. 2015).
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

BirdLife International - Kibira National Park

Table 4. Conservation activities in Kibira National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is a National Park. Ongoing
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Chimpanzee tracking, bird watching, safaris, and other activities offered (Kibira National Park). Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kibira National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

A study found that chimpanzees in Kibira National Park are selective in the choice of nest trees, preferring to nest in Parinari excelsa trees, which occur in low densities at the park. On the other hand, the more abundant Macaranga kilimandscharica trees were less used (Hakizimana et al. 2015).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kibira National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Kibira National Park

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kibira National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 08/12/2020.
Hakizimana, D., Hambuckers, A., & Brotcorne, F. (2015). Characterization of nest sites of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Kibira National Park, Burundi.African Primates, 10,1–12.
Hakizimana, D. & Huyne, M. (2013). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Density and Abundance in Kibira National Park, Burundi. Pan Africa News, 20(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/01/2021

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