Difference between revisions of "Mbam et Djerem National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Mbam et Djerem National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') are present in Mbam et Djerem National Park.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* It has been estimated that at least 1,244 Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees occur in the site.
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* The Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee population trend is stable.
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* Ape taxa present  
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* The site has a total size of 4,165.2 km².
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* Ape population size
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, transhumance, uncontrolled fires, and gathering terrestrial plants.
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* Ape population trend  
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* Conservation activities are not documented.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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= Site characteristics =
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Mbam et Djerem National Park was established in 2000. The park is situated in central Cameroon, within the Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone, between the Sudanian regional center of endemism in the north, and the Guinea-Congolian forest block in the south. The vegetation at Mbam et Djerem National Park grades from savanna in the northwest to forest-savanna mosaic, to the closed-canopy humid forest in the southwest. It is the most biologically diverse protected area in the country due to its exceptional habitat diversity ([https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]). Mbam et Djerem National Park is home to two subspecies of chimpanzees, (central and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees), De Brazza's monkeys, elephants, buffalos, hippopotamus, leopards, and over 65 reptile and 365 bird species (BirdLife International 2020, [https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|
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|4,165.2 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|
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|5.858082 N, 12.773937 E
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|
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|National Park
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, savanna
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 52:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2016
 +
|449 (150–1343)
 +
|0.59 (0.19–1.76)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mbam et Djerem National Park, forest-savanna mosaic area (900.84 sq. km)
 +
|standing crop nest count
 +
|Kamgang et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2016
 +
|795 (496–1272)
 +
|0.88 (0.55–1.41)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mbam et Djerem National Park, dense forest area (761.5 sq. km)
 +
|standing crop nest count
 +
|Kamgang et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2016
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|0.33 (0.12-0.86
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|1.77
 +
|1662.34, core area of the park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Kamgang et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
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|Unknown
 
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
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|Medium
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Transhumance (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
−
|
 
−
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|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High
 
|
 
|
 +
|Poaching is the main threat to wildlife at the site (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018).
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Bark collection and plant gathering (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018).
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|
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
 
 
|
 
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
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|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
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|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Uncontrolled bushfires (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2018)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
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|Unknown
 
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
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−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
 
 
|
 
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 +
|Unknown
 
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|
 
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
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−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
 +
WCS has been responsible for the management of the site since 2003.
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
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−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
 +
Lack of connectivity, lack of community and private sector awareness and conservation constituencies ([https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]).
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
 
+
|-
−
 
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
+
|[https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Lack of capacity/training
−
|
+
|[https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
 
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Mbam et Djerem National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
 +
 +
[https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbam-Djerem-National-Park1.aspx WCS]
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Kamgang, S.A., Bobo, K.S., Maisels, F. et al. The relationship between the abundance of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) and its habitat: a conservation concern in Mbam-Djerem National Park, Cameroon. BMC Ecol 18, 40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0199-3 <br>
 +
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mbam Djerem National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/11/2020. <br>
 +
Dadem, G. C., Tchamba, N. M., & Tsi, E. A. (2018). Impacts of anthropogenic pressures on wildlife in the northern sector of the National Park of Mbam and Djerem, Adamaoua Cameroon. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(3), 145-153. <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
+
'''Page completed by: '''Serge Kamgang & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
−
 
 
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 13:44, 14 January 2021

Central Africa > Cameroon > Mbam et Djerem National Park

Summary

  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) & central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are present in Mbam et Djerem National Park.
  • It has been estimated that at least 1,244 Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees occur in the site.
  • The Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • The site has a total size of 4,165.2 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, transhumance, uncontrolled fires, and gathering terrestrial plants.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Mbam et Djerem National Park was established in 2000. The park is situated in central Cameroon, within the Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone, between the Sudanian regional center of endemism in the north, and the Guinea-Congolian forest block in the south. The vegetation at Mbam et Djerem National Park grades from savanna in the northwest to forest-savanna mosaic, to the closed-canopy humid forest in the southwest. It is the most biologically diverse protected area in the country due to its exceptional habitat diversity (WCS). Mbam et Djerem National Park is home to two subspecies of chimpanzees, (central and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees), De Brazza's monkeys, elephants, buffalos, hippopotamus, leopards, and over 65 reptile and 365 bird species (BirdLife International 2020, WCS).

Table 1. Basic site information for Mbam et Djerem National Park

Area 4,165.2 km²
Coordinates 5.858082 N, 12.773937 E
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, savanna

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Mbam et Djerem National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2016 449 (150–1343) 0.59 (0.19–1.76) Mbam et Djerem National Park, forest-savanna mosaic area (900.84 sq. km) standing crop nest count Kamgang et al. 2018
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2016 795 (496–1272) 0.88 (0.55–1.41) Mbam et Djerem National Park, dense forest area (761.5 sq. km) standing crop nest count Kamgang et al. 2018
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2016 0.33 (0.12-0.86 1.77 1662.34, core area of the park Line transects (Distance) Kamgang et al. 2018

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes in Mbam et Djerem National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Medium Transhumance (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018). Ongoing (2018)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Poaching is the main threat to wildlife at the site (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Low Bark collection and plant gathering (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low Uncontrolled bushfires (Dadem, Tchamba & Tsi 2018). Ongoing (2018)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

WCS has been responsible for the management of the site since 2003.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Mbam et Djerem National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Lack of connectivity, lack of community and private sector awareness and conservation constituencies (WCS).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Mbam et Djerem National Park

Challenge Source
Lack of law enforcement WCS
Lack of capacity/training WCS

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Mbam et Djerem National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

WCS

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Kamgang, S.A., Bobo, K.S., Maisels, F. et al. The relationship between the abundance of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) and its habitat: a conservation concern in Mbam-Djerem National Park, Cameroon. BMC Ecol 18, 40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0199-3
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mbam Djerem National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/11/2020.
Dadem, G. C., Tchamba, N. M., & Tsi, E. A. (2018). Impacts of anthropogenic pressures on wildlife in the northern sector of the National Park of Mbam and Djerem, Adamaoua Cameroon. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(3), 145-153.


Page completed by: Serge Kamgang & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/01/2021

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