Difference between revisions of "Loango National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Loango National Park]]
  
 +
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 +
[[File: chimpanzee loango woods.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
 +
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Loango National Park.
 +
* The population sizes are unknown.
 +
* The population trends are unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 1,550 km².
 +
* Key threats to great apes are
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on
 +
* OPTIONAL: SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
 +
 +
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 +
 +
Loango National Park is located in the south west of Gabon and borders the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a mosaic of different habitat types varying from marine, coastal lagoons, mangrove swamps, coastal forest, secondary and primary forest and open savannah. It is ecologically distinct from other long-term chimpanzee sites thereby providing the rare opportunity to enable unique insights into chimpanzees’ behavioral plasticity (REF)). In addition to central chimpanzees, the National park is also home to western low-land gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''), forest buffaloes (''Syncerus caffer''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') as well as several resident and migratory bird species, such as rosy bee-eaters (''Merops malimbicus'') (REF).
 +
[[File: chimpanzees loango trail.png | 400px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
 +
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 +
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
 +
|1,550 km²
 +
|-
 +
|Coordinates
 +
|-2.118840  S, 9.605397 E
 +
|-
 +
|Designation
 +
|National Park
 +
|-
 +
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 +
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level, Subtropical/tropical swamp, Coastal Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
 +
|}
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 +
 +
To date there has only been one survey conducted regarding chimpanzee abundance in Loango National park. This was done through the collection of wild chimpanzee fecal samples for genetic capture-recapture analyses over a four-year period (2005-2008) in a 132 km2 area of the National Park (Arandjelovic et al. 2011).
 +
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 +
! Species
 +
! Year
 +
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 +
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 +
! Area
 +
! Method
 +
! Source
 +
! Comments
 +
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
 +
|2005-2008
 +
|283 (208 – 316)
 +
|2.14 (1.57 – 2.39)
 +
|
 +
|132 sq.km
 +
|Capture-recapture method
 +
|Arandjelovic et al. 2011
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 +
 +
Gabon boasts an important store of natural resources, the most prominent being oil. In 2006 and 2007 a petroleum company conducted seismic exploration inside Loango National Park (Rabanal et al. 2010). It has been shown that the most common behavioral change exhibited by wildlife to intense human-produced noise is active avoidance. The study modeled seismic impact over different spatial scales (small, intermediate and large) and found that apes avoided seismic activity on the intermediate and small scales (REF).
 +
Additionally, hunting, although relatively non-existent around the study site, may pose a threat to ape populations in other areas of the park such as the forest inlets boarding the lagoon (REF).
 +
Lastly, health risks related to human-chimpanzee disease transmission may be increased due to increased human presence in the park and the potential for new ecotourism ventures (REF). 
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
 +
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
 +
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 +
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
 +
|Medium
 +
|
 +
|Effect of seismic oil exploration on large mammal distribution
 +
(Rabanal et al. 2010)
 +
|2006-2007
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Low
 +
|
 +
|Signs of poacher trails in the far North of the territory.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|6.1 Recreational activities
 +
|Low
 +
|
 +
|Loango National park is open to tourism and therefore there is the possibility of exposure of apes to humans outside of the research area. Additionally, vehicles for safari outings may pose a disturbance to ape populations along these routes.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|6.3 Work & other activities
 +
|Low
 +
|
 +
|The very presence of the research camp itself poses a disturbance to great apes and territory avoidance may take place.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Geological Events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12. Other options
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 +
 +
In 2005 the first research camp was set up as a Pan African Programme (PanAf) study site, and this later became the Ozouga camp and base of the Loango Chimpanzee Project. The establishment of this site ensures the continued presence of researchers in the study area, which, at other sites, has been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011).
 +
There is a strong connection and collaboration between the local people, primarily of the Miene (Myene) ethnicity, and the research site. At present, five permanent eco-guides native to the area are employed. Their direct involvement at this research site make them important stakeholders for the future of the park and the livelihood of those living around it. Additionally, educational programs and activities have been conducted in the village that borders the Northern edge of the park; these were performed in partnership with WCS.
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Specific activity OR Not reported
 +
|Description
 +
|Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|Anti-poaching patrols are conducted regularly by the ANPN.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|8.3. Control habitat-altering mammals (e.g. elephants) through exclusion (e.g. fences) or translocation
 +
|An electric fence was built around the village that borders the Northern zone of the park. This was primarily put in place to deter forest elephants from crop raiding (REF)
 +
|2017-2018
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
 +
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 +
|The Loango Chimpanzee project recruits members of the local community as guides who are trained to collect data since 2006.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Loango National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Ant eating without tools
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Bathing
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Branch dragging
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Branch shaking
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Buttress beating
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Fruit cleaning
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Honey eating
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Honey eating with tools
 +
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Honey extraction with tools
 +
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019; Boesch et al. 2009
 +
|-
 +
|Honey extraction without tools
 +
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Hunting and meat eating
 +
|Pika et al. 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Leaf cushion
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Leaf sponging for drinking water
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Lethal intragroup aggression
 +
|Martinez-inigo et al. (in press)
 +
|-
 +
|Termite eating without tools
 +
|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
[[The Loango Chimpanzee Project in Gabon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chIzPMJDgXE]]<br>
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
Arandjelovic, M., Head, J., Rabanal, L. I., Schubert, G., Mettke, E., Boesch, C., Robbins, M. M., & Vigilant, L. (2011). Non-Invasive genetic monitoring of wild central chimpanzees. PLoS ONE,6(3): e14761.<br>
 +
Boesch, C., Head, J., & Robbins, M. M. (2009). Complex tool sets for honey extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. Journal of Human Evolution, 56(6), 560-569.<br>
 +
Estienne, V. L., Robira, B., Mundry, R., Deschner, T., & Boesch, C. (2019). Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Animal Behaviour, 147, 61-76.<br>
 +
Estienne, V., Mundry, R., Kuehl, H.S., Boesch, C. (2017). Exploitation of underground bee nests by three sympatric consumers in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biotropica, 49(1), 101-109.<br>
 +
Estienne V, Stephens C, Boesch C. (2017). Extraction of honey from underground bee nests by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon: Techniques and individual differences. Am J Primatol, 79(1).<br>
 +
Estienne, V. L. (2017). Tool-use technique for the extraction of underground honey by central African chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. PhD Thesis, Universität, Leipzig.<br>
 +
Estienne, V., & Boesch, C. (2015). Underground honey extraction by chimpanzees, honey badgers and forest elephants in Loango National Park, Gabon. Folia Primatologica, 86(4), 276-277.<br>
 +
Klein, H., Bocksberger, G., Pika, S., Baas, P., Bunel, S., Theleste, E., Deschner, T., (in press). Hunting on mammals by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates.<br>
 +
Martinez-inigo, L., Baas, P., Klein, H., Pika, S., Deschner T. (in press). Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates. <br>
 +
Rabanal, L. I., Kuehl, H., Mundry, R., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (2010). Oil prospecting and its impact on large rainforest mammals in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biological Conservation, 143(4), 1017-1024. <br>
 +
Pika, S., Klein, H., Bunel, S., Baas, P., Théleste, E., & Deschner, T. (2019). Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) exploit tortoises (Kinixys erosa) via percussive technology. Scientific Reports, 9(1). <br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
'''Page completed by: ''' Lara Southern''' Date:''' 13/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 04:46, 13 October 2021

Central Africa > Gabon > Loango National Park

Summary

© Lara Southern
  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Loango National Park.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 1,550 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are
  • Conservation activities have focused on
  • OPTIONAL: SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Site characteristics

Loango National Park is located in the south west of Gabon and borders the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a mosaic of different habitat types varying from marine, coastal lagoons, mangrove swamps, coastal forest, secondary and primary forest and open savannah. It is ecologically distinct from other long-term chimpanzee sites thereby providing the rare opportunity to enable unique insights into chimpanzees’ behavioral plasticity (REF)). In addition to central chimpanzees, the National park is also home to western low-land gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), forest buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) as well as several resident and migratory bird species, such as rosy bee-eaters (Merops malimbicus) (REF).

© Lara Southern

Table 1. Basic site information for Loango National Park

Area 1,550 km²
Coordinates
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level, Subtropical/tropical swamp, Coastal Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

To date there has only been one survey conducted regarding chimpanzee abundance in Loango National park. This was done through the collection of wild chimpanzee fecal samples for genetic capture-recapture analyses over a four-year period (2005-2008) in a 132 km2 area of the National Park (Arandjelovic et al. 2011).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Loango National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2005-2008 283 (208 – 316) 2.14 (1.57 – 2.39) 132 sq.km Capture-recapture method Arandjelovic et al. 2011

Threats

Gabon boasts an important store of natural resources, the most prominent being oil. In 2006 and 2007 a petroleum company conducted seismic exploration inside Loango National Park (Rabanal et al. 2010). It has been shown that the most common behavioral change exhibited by wildlife to intense human-produced noise is active avoidance. The study modeled seismic impact over different spatial scales (small, intermediate and large) and found that apes avoided seismic activity on the intermediate and small scales (REF). Additionally, hunting, although relatively non-existent around the study site, may pose a threat to ape populations in other areas of the park such as the forest inlets boarding the lagoon (REF). Lastly, health risks related to human-chimpanzee disease transmission may be increased due to increased human presence in the park and the potential for new ecotourism ventures (REF).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Loango National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Absent
3. Energy production & mining 3.1 Oil & gas drilling Medium Effect of seismic oil exploration on large mammal distribution

(Rabanal et al. 2010)

2006-2007
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Signs of poacher trails in the far North of the territory. Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities Low Loango National park is open to tourism and therefore there is the possibility of exposure of apes to humans outside of the research area. Additionally, vehicles for safari outings may pose a disturbance to ape populations along these routes. Ongoing (2021)
6.3 Work & other activities Low The very presence of the research camp itself poses a disturbance to great apes and territory avoidance may take place. Ongoing (2021)
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

In 2005 the first research camp was set up as a Pan African Programme (PanAf) study site, and this later became the Ozouga camp and base of the Loango Chimpanzee Project. The establishment of this site ensures the continued presence of researchers in the study area, which, at other sites, has been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). There is a strong connection and collaboration between the local people, primarily of the Miene (Myene) ethnicity, and the research site. At present, five permanent eco-guides native to the area are employed. Their direct involvement at this research site make them important stakeholders for the future of the park and the livelihood of those living around it. Additionally, educational programs and activities have been conducted in the village that borders the Northern edge of the park; these were performed in partnership with WCS.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Loango National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Specific activity OR Not reported Description Year of activity
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Anti-poaching patrols are conducted regularly by the ANPN. Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.3. Control habitat-altering mammals (e.g. elephants) through exclusion (e.g. fences) or translocation An electric fence was built around the village that borders the Northern zone of the park. This was primarily put in place to deter forest elephants from crop raiding (REF) 2017-2018
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management The Loango Chimpanzee project recruits members of the local community as guides who are trained to collect data since 2006. Ongoing (2021)
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Loango National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Loango National Park

Behavior Source
Ant eating without tools SOURCE
Bathing SOURCE
Branch dragging SOURCE
Branch shaking SOURCE
Buttress beating SOURCE
Fruit cleaning SOURCE
Honey eating SOURCE
Honey eating with tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
Honey extraction with tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019; Boesch et al. 2009
Honey extraction without tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
Hunting and meat eating Pika et al. 2019
Leaf cushion SOURCE
Leaf sponging for drinking water SOURCE
Lethal intragroup aggression Martinez-inigo et al. (in press)
Termite eating without tools SOURCE

External links

The Loango Chimpanzee Project in Gabon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chIzPMJDgXE

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Arandjelovic, M., Head, J., Rabanal, L. I., Schubert, G., Mettke, E., Boesch, C., Robbins, M. M., & Vigilant, L. (2011). Non-Invasive genetic monitoring of wild central chimpanzees. PLoS ONE,6(3): e14761.
Boesch, C., Head, J., & Robbins, M. M. (2009). Complex tool sets for honey extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. Journal of Human Evolution, 56(6), 560-569.
Estienne, V. L., Robira, B., Mundry, R., Deschner, T., & Boesch, C. (2019). Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Animal Behaviour, 147, 61-76.
Estienne, V., Mundry, R., Kuehl, H.S., Boesch, C. (2017). Exploitation of underground bee nests by three sympatric consumers in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biotropica, 49(1), 101-109.
Estienne V, Stephens C, Boesch C. (2017). Extraction of honey from underground bee nests by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon: Techniques and individual differences. Am J Primatol, 79(1).
Estienne, V. L. (2017). Tool-use technique for the extraction of underground honey by central African chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. PhD Thesis, Universität, Leipzig.
Estienne, V., & Boesch, C. (2015). Underground honey extraction by chimpanzees, honey badgers and forest elephants in Loango National Park, Gabon. Folia Primatologica, 86(4), 276-277.
Klein, H., Bocksberger, G., Pika, S., Baas, P., Bunel, S., Theleste, E., Deschner, T., (in press). Hunting on mammals by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates.
Martinez-inigo, L., Baas, P., Klein, H., Pika, S., Deschner T. (in press). Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates.
Rabanal, L. I., Kuehl, H., Mundry, R., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (2010). Oil prospecting and its impact on large rainforest mammals in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biological Conservation, 143(4), 1017-1024.
Pika, S., Klein, H., Bunel, S., Baas, P., Théleste, E., & Deschner, T. (2019). Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) exploit tortoises (Kinixys erosa) via percussive technology. Scientific Reports, 9(1).


Page completed by: Lara Southern Date: 13/10/2021

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