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Line 17: − − = Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information --> − − Salonga National Park (SNP) is the largest protected area of pristine rainforest in the African continent (33,500 km²). Located south of the Congo river, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/280/ UNESCO World Heritage] site and a stronghold for many endangered species. SNP, is divided into two blocks, North and South, separated by a 45 km wide inhabited buffer zone. Since 2015, the park is co-managed by the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) in collaboration with the World Wide Fund for Nature ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/priority_places/salonga_national_park/ WWF]). − In addition to bonobos, SNP harbours one of the few remnant populations of forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') in the country. SNP is also home to 8 species of monkeys: Thollon’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus tholloni''), the Angola Pied Colobus (''Colobus angolensis''), Allen’s Swamp Monkey (''Allenopithecus nigroviridis''), Red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Wolf's mona monkey (''Cercopithecus wolfii''), De Brazza’s Monkey (''Cercopithecus neglectus''), the Black Mangabey (''Lophocebus aterrinus'') and the Golden-bellied mangabey (''Cercocebus chrysogaster''). A large ungulate community is found in the Park, including the forest buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') and the endangered Bongo (''Tragelaphus euryceros''), along with large carnivores such a the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and the African golden cat (''Caracal aurata''). Finally, SNP is a stronghold for other endangered mammals such as the Giant ground pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), and for stunning birds such as the endemic Congo peafowl (''Afropavo congensis''). The entomofauna and floral diversity is equally rich, with many species expected being still unknown to science. Line 27:
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Salonga National Park (South Block) (edit)
Revision as of 06:31, 2 November 2021
, 06:31, 2 November 2021no edit summary
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in the south block of Salonga National Park.
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in the south block of Salonga National Park.
* It has been estimated that 9,246 (CI 3,596-20,720) individuals occur in the site.
* It has been estimated that 9,246 (CI: 3,596-20,720) individuals occur in the site.
* The bonobo population trend is stable.
* The bonobo population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 17,127 km².
* The site has a total size of 17,127 km².
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols and surveillance with SMART software application, education and awareness raising, and presence of researchers and staff.
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols and surveillance with SMART software application, education and awareness raising, and presence of researchers and staff.
* Salonga is the only national park in the geographic range of bonobos.
* Salonga is the only national park in the geographic range of bonobos.
<div><ul>
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Anga station.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |View of Salonga National Park, South Block, from the guard Station of Anga © Mattia Bessone – PNS Survey]]
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Anga station.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |View of Salonga National Park, South Block, from the guard Station of Anga © Mattia Bessone – PNS Survey]]
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Luilaka river.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Luilaka river, Sector of Monkoto © Mattia Bessone – PNS Survey]]
<li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Luilaka river.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Luilaka river, Sector of Monkoto © Mattia Bessone – PNS Survey]]
</ul></div>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Salonga National Park (SNP) is the largest protected area of pristine rainforest in the African continent (33,500 km²). Located south of the Congo river, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/280/ UNESCO World Heritage] site and a stronghold for many endangered species. SNP, is divided into two blocks, North and South, separated by a 45 km wide inhabited buffer zone. Since 2015, the park is co-managed by the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) in collaboration with the World Wide Fund for Nature ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/priority_places/salonga_national_park/ WWF]).
In addition to bonobos, SNP harbours one of the few remnant populations of forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') in the country. SNP is also home to 8 species of monkeys: Thollon’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus tholloni''), the Angola Pied Colobus (''Colobus angolensis''), Allen’s Swamp Monkey (''Allenopithecus nigroviridis''), Red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Wolf's mona monkey (''Cercopithecus wolfii''), De Brazza’s Monkey (''Cercopithecus neglectus''), the Black Mangabey (''Lophocebus aterrinus'') and the Golden-bellied mangabey (''Cercocebus chrysogaster''). A large ungulate community is found in the Park, including the forest buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') and the endangered Bongo (''Tragelaphus euryceros''), along with large carnivores such a the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and the African golden cat (''Caracal aurata''). Finally, SNP is a stronghold for other endangered mammals such as the Giant ground pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), and for stunning birds such as the endemic Congo peafowl (''Afropavo congensis''). The entomofauna and floral diversity is equally rich, with many species expected being still unknown to science.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Salonga National Park (South Block)'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Salonga National Park (South Block)'''
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[[File:biomonitoring team.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Biomonitoring team © Bernard Ikembelo – PNS Survey]]
[[File:biomonitoring team.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Biomonitoring team © Bernard Ikembelo – PNS Survey]]
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Reinartz et al. (2006; 2008), Grossmann et al. (2008), Maisels et al. (2010), WCS (2015) and Bessone et al. (2020) conducted surveys estimating bonobo and other species densities. Hart et al. (2008) reported on the impact of human activities on bonobos, and Thompson et al. (2008) on traditional culture of the Iyaelima people, with regard to bonobo conservation.In the buffer zone, west of the site, the LuiKotale Bonobo Project is conducting research on habituated bonobos, focusing on all aspects of bonobos’ ecology, physiology, behaviour and evolutionary history, as well as on ethnobotany (Hohmann and Fruth, 2003).
Reinartz et al. (2006; 2008), Grossmann et al. (2008), Maisels et al. (2010), WCS (2015) and Bessone et al. (2020) conducted surveys estimating bonobo and other species densities. Hart et al. (2008) reported on the impact of human activities on bonobos, and Thompson et al. (2008) on traditional culture of the Iyaelima people, with regard to bonobo conservation.In the buffer zone, west of the site, the LuiKotale Bonobo Project is conducting research on habituated bonobos, focusing on all aspects of bonobos’ ecology, physiology, behaviour and evolutionary history, as well as on ethnobotany (Hohmann and Fruth, 2003).
A study by Bessone et al. (2021) revealed that between 2003 and 2018, increasingly drier conditions have resulted in longer decay times of bonobo nests in Salonga. As climate change continues to affect the processes of nest decomposition and nest construction behaviour, nest decomposition times are likely to increase further in future years (Bessone et al. 2021). This will create an opportunity for the erroneous conclusion of increasing ape numbers even when populations are stable or decreasing (Bessone et al. 2021).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
= References =
= References =
Bessone, M., Kühl, H. S., Hohmann, G., Herbinger, I., N'Goran, K. P., Asanzi, P., . . . Beka, B. (2020). Drawn out of the shadows: Surveying secretive forest species with camera-trap distance sampling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(5), 963-974.<br>
Bessone, M., Kühl, H. S., Hohmann, G., Herbinger, I., N'Goran, K. P., Asanzi, P., . . . Beka, B. (2020). Drawn out of the shadows: Surveying secretive forest species with camera-trap distance sampling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(5), 963-974.<br>
Bessone, M., Booto, L., Santos, A. R., Kühl, H. S., & Fruth, B. (2021). No time to rest: How the effects of climate change on nest decay threaten the conservation of apes in the wild. PloS one, 16(6), e0252527.
Fruth, B., Hickey, J. M., Andre, C., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., . . . Reinartz, G. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567.<br>
Fruth, B., Hickey, J. M., Andre, C., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., . . . Reinartz, G. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567.<br>
Grossmann, F., Hart, J. A., Vosper, A., & Ilambu, O. (2008). Range occupation and population estimates of bonobos in the Salonga National Park: application to large-scale surveys of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In The Bonobos (pp. 189-216): Springer.<br>
Grossmann, F., Hart, J. A., Vosper, A., & Ilambu, O. (2008). Range occupation and population estimates of bonobos in the Salonga National Park: application to large-scale surveys of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In The Bonobos (pp. 189-216): Springer.<br>
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'''Page completed by: '''Mattia Bessone''' Date:''' 07/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by: '''Mattia Bessone''' Date:''' 02/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->