Difference between revisions of "Takamanda National Park"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Takamanda National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Takamanda National Park.
 +
* The population sizes are unknown.
 +
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 676 km².
 +
* Key threats to great apes are poaching, logging, and increasing accessibility by roads.
 +
* Conservation activities have focused on monitoring wildlife and law enforcement.
 +
 +
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Located in northeastern Cameroon, the site was first established as Takamanda Forest Reserve in 1934 to protect watersheds and conserve the area for timber production (Dunn et al. 2014). In 2008 it was upgraded to national park to protect the gorillas, as well as for its biological and transboundary importance (Dunn et al. 2014). The site and the neighbouring Okwangwo region in Nigeria are important areas for many large mammals; these include, in addition to the Cross River Gorilla and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drills, Preuss's guenon, forest elephants, an buffalos (Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003).
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Takamanda National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|676 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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|XXX N, XXX W
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
 +
|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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Gorillas are concentrated in three localities of the park. The first one consists of 25 sq.km in the east of the park, in the hills north of Kekpane. The second one covers only about 15 sq.km in an extremely steep and rocky area in the northeast of the park. The third site lies north of the Obonyi villages and extends across the Nigeria-Cameroon border into Okwangwo (Dunn et al. 2014).
 +
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Takamanda National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
 +
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
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! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
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|Unknown
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|8-12
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|
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|
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|Takamanda National Park East (Kekpane area)
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|WCS surveys as cited by Dunn et al. 2014
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|
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|
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|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
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|Unknown
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|10-15
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|
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|
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|Takamanda National Park–North (Atolo area)
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|WCS surveys as cited by Dunn et al. 2014
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|
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|
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|-
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|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
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|2001
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|100
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|
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|
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|Takamanda Forest Reserve
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|Informed guess
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|Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003
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|
 +
|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 +
 +
Bushmeat is still an important source of income and protein for villages at the site. Although traditional hunting rights were given to local communities and the use of firearms has been prohibited since 1934, firearm hunting is widespread throughout the area (Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003).
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Takamanda National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
 +
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
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|High
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|
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|Increasing accessibility by roads (Dunn et al. 2014). Road between the Takamanda forest and the Mone and Mbulu forests, allows access to the forests and, subsequently, increased export of agricultural and forest products, including bushmeat (Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003).
 +
|Ongoing (2014)
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High
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|
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|Trafficking of bushmeat across the border with Nigeria and other parts of Cameroon. Gorilla meat is eaten, their bones are used in traditional medicine and as fetishes, and infants have been sold as pets (Dunn et al. 2014).
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|Ongoing (2014)
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|-
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|
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|Unsustainable harvesting of NFTPs (Dunn et al. 2014).
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|Ongoing (2014)
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|-
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|
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|Present, but threat severity unknown
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|
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|Illegal logging (Dunn et al. 2014).
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|Ongoing (2014)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Unknown
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
 +
|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
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|Unknown
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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 +
Transboundary cooperation between Okwangwo and Takamanda has been strongly promoted through activities such as regular joint anti-poaching patrols, an annual transboundary workshop, exchange visits and information sharing to capture poachers (Dunn et al. 2014).
 +
 +
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Takamanda National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
 +
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
 +
|The CyberTracker system has been implemented for wildlife and law enforcement monitoring at the site. It has also been used for data collection during wildlife surveys (Dunn et al. 2014).
 +
|Ongoing (2014)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|10. Education & Awareness
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 +
|The site has been a National Park since 2008.
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 +
|-
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|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 +
|Not reported
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Takamanda National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 +
 +
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Takamanda National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Takamanda-Mone-Landscape.aspx WCS Takamanda-Mone Landscape]
 +
 +
===Relevant datasets===
 +
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 +
 +
= References =
 +
Dunn, A., Bergl, R., Byler, D., Eben-Ebai, S., Etiendem, D. N., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2014). Revised regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Wildlife Conservation Society.<br>
 +
Sunderland-Groves, J. L., Maisels, F., & Ekinde, A. (2003). Surveys of the Cross River gorilla and chimpanzee populations in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda: the biodiversity of an African rainforest, 8, 129-140.<br>
 +
Sunderland-Groves, J. L., & Maisels, F. (2003). Large mammals of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda. The Biodiversity of an African Rainforest, 111-127. <br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 29/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 09:25, 29 November 2021

Central Africa > Cameroon > Takamanda National Park

Summary

  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) & Cross river gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) are present in Takamanda National Park.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 676 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are poaching, logging, and increasing accessibility by roads.
  • Conservation activities have focused on monitoring wildlife and law enforcement.

Site characteristics

Located in northeastern Cameroon, the site was first established as Takamanda Forest Reserve in 1934 to protect watersheds and conserve the area for timber production (Dunn et al. 2014). In 2008 it was upgraded to national park to protect the gorillas, as well as for its biological and transboundary importance (Dunn et al. 2014). The site and the neighbouring Okwangwo region in Nigeria are important areas for many large mammals; these include, in addition to the Cross River Gorilla and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drills, Preuss's guenon, forest elephants, an buffalos (Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003).

Table 1. Basic site information for Takamanda National Park

Area 676 km²
Coordinates XXX N, XXX W
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Gorillas are concentrated in three localities of the park. The first one consists of 25 sq.km in the east of the park, in the hills north of Kekpane. The second one covers only about 15 sq.km in an extremely steep and rocky area in the northeast of the park. The third site lies north of the Obonyi villages and extends across the Nigeria-Cameroon border into Okwangwo (Dunn et al. 2014).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Takamanda National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla diehli Unknown 8-12 Takamanda National Park East (Kekpane area) Index survey (reconnaissance walk) WCS surveys as cited by Dunn et al. 2014
Gorilla gorilla diehli Unknown 10-15 Takamanda National Park–North (Atolo area) Index survey (reconnaissance walk) WCS surveys as cited by Dunn et al. 2014
Gorilla gorilla diehli 2001 100 Takamanda Forest Reserve Informed guess Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003

Threats

Bushmeat is still an important source of income and protein for villages at the site. Although traditional hunting rights were given to local communities and the use of firearms has been prohibited since 1934, firearm hunting is widespread throughout the area (Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Takamanda National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High Increasing accessibility by roads (Dunn et al. 2014). Road between the Takamanda forest and the Mone and Mbulu forests, allows access to the forests and, subsequently, increased export of agricultural and forest products, including bushmeat (Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003). Ongoing (2014)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Trafficking of bushmeat across the border with Nigeria and other parts of Cameroon. Gorilla meat is eaten, their bones are used in traditional medicine and as fetishes, and infants have been sold as pets (Dunn et al. 2014). Ongoing (2014)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity unknown Unsustainable harvesting of NFTPs (Dunn et al. 2014). Ongoing (2014)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present, but threat severity unknown Illegal logging (Dunn et al. 2014). Ongoing (2014)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Transboundary cooperation between Okwangwo and Takamanda has been strongly promoted through activities such as regular joint anti-poaching patrols, an annual transboundary workshop, exchange visits and information sharing to capture poachers (Dunn et al. 2014).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Takamanda National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols The CyberTracker system has been implemented for wildlife and law enforcement monitoring at the site. It has also been used for data collection during wildlife surveys (Dunn et al. 2014). Ongoing (2014)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site has been a National Park since 2008. Ongoing (2021)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Takamanda National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Takamanda National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

WCS Takamanda-Mone Landscape

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Dunn, A., Bergl, R., Byler, D., Eben-Ebai, S., Etiendem, D. N., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2014). Revised regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Wildlife Conservation Society.
Sunderland-Groves, J. L., Maisels, F., & Ekinde, A. (2003). Surveys of the Cross River gorilla and chimpanzee populations in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda: the biodiversity of an African rainforest, 8, 129-140.
Sunderland-Groves, J. L., & Maisels, F. (2003). Large mammals of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda. The Biodiversity of an African Rainforest, 111-127.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 29/11/2021

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