Difference between revisions of "Lac Tumba landscape"

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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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   2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.  
 
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Lac Tumba landscape]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') and eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in the Lac Tumba landscape.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* The population sizes are unknown.
 +
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 78,972 km².
 +
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat loss, and diseases.
 +
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 +
* The site holds the world’s largest swamp forest, and the world’s second largest wetland area.
  
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* Ape taxa present
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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* Ape population size
 
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
 +
The Lac Tumba (or Lake Tumba) landscape is situated in western Democratic Republic of Congo, and extends into neighbouring Republic of Congo, forming the Lac Tumba-Lac Tele transboundary landscape. The landscape is made up mainly of marshes, seasonally flooded forests and meadows. It is home to the largest Ramsar freshwater wetland of international importance. The forest of Lac Tumba is the world’s largest swamp forest, and the world’s second largest wetland area (WWF n.d.). About 60% of the Lac Tumba landscape is inundated and seasonally flooded forest (Inogwabini et al. 2007). The landscape is home to a wide variety of large mammals, including bonobos, chimpanzees, Angolan pied colobus, Allen's swamp monkeys, black mangabeys, red colobus, red-tailed monkeys, forest elephants, buffalos and leopards (Inogwabini et al. 2007). In addition, the swamps have a rich diversity of fish and attract freshwater-dependent species such as sitatunga, water chevrotain, slender-snout crocodiles, Nile crocodile, and hippopotamus (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
  
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= Site characteristics =
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lac Tumba landscape'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|
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|78,972 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|
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| -1.597554, 17.117188
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|
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|Protected Landscape
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, savanna
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
  
 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
 +
Bonobo groups were found in five areas in a 2005 survey: (1) Bolombo-Losombo, (2) Mbala-Donkese, (3) Ngombe-Botuali, (4) Botuali-Ilombe, and (5) Mompulenge–Mbanzi-Malebo–Nguomi (Inogwabini et al. 2007). There were two sub-groups in the latter area, separated by 50 km of unbroken gallery forest, Mopulenge-Mbanzi and Malebo-Nguomi. One group of chimpanzees was found in the area between Bosobele and Lubengo (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lac Tumba landscape'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 55:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|0.057
 +
|Bolombo-Losombo (552 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 +
|17 (15-19)
 +
|0.27 (0.24-0.29)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mbala-Donkese (160 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 +
|198 (176-212)
 +
|0.27 (0.24-0.29)
 +
|
 +
|Ngombe-Botuali (1,829 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 +
|103 (92-111)
 +
|0.27 (0.24-0.29)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Botuali-Ilombe (955 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 +
|2,297 (1,880-3,550)
 +
|2.2 (1.8-3.4)
 +
|
 +
|Malebo-Nguomi (1,993 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan paniscus''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|1.2
 +
|Mopulenge-Mbanzi (1,380,390 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|0.019
 +
|Bosobele-Lubengo (4,047 sq. km)
 +
|Reconnaissance and line transect methods
 +
|Inogwabini et al. 2007
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 86: Line 135:
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
 +
Poaching, habitat loss, and diseases are the main direct threats to bonobos in Lac Tumba (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Although logging has been considered moderately severe, the situation is considered reversible if sufficient efforts are made, such as closing of logging roads and rehabilitation of the natural vegetation (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Unmonitored fishing and bushmeat hunting are common at the site (Inogwabini et al. 2007). The Bateke people inhabiting the Malebo area believe that bonobos are their ancestors, and therefore a traditional taboo prevents them from hunting bonobos (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Lac Tumba landscape'''
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−
 
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unplanned and unsustainable subsistence agricultural practices (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2007)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 121: Line 168:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 +
|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Development of communications infrastructure (roads, railways) (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2012)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
 +
|Poaching is facilitated by increasing availability of weapons and ammunition and the location of the area at the junction of major river routes (Inogwabini et al. 2007, IUCN & ICCN 2012).
 +
|Ongoing (2012)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Legal and illegal industrial logging. Easy river access is used for transportation of timber to Kinshasa (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Logging for the wenge Mellitia laurenti (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2012)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 143: Line 197:
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 149: Line 203:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Threat of disease (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2012)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 164: Line 218:
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 178: Line 232:
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 186: Line 240:
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
 +
The landscape is a priority conservation landscape funded by the Central African Regional Programme for the Environment of the US Agency for International Development through the International Congo Basin Forest Partnership. The site was selected as a priority conservation site in 2000 (Inogwabini et al. 2007).
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lac Tumba landscape'''
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 270: Line 319:
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lac Tumba landscape'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
 
+
|-
−
 
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
+
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+
|-
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
|Lack of government support
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
 +
|-
 +
|Lack of understanding of conservation issues
 +
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Insufficient subsistence alternatives
−
|
+
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
 
+
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01323.x Preliminary bonobo and chimpanzee nesting by habitat type in the northern Lac Tumba Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo]<br>
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
+
[https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOCONSBJ-3-14 Bonobo Food Items, Food Availability and Bonobo Distribution in the Lake Tumba Swampy Forests, Democratic Republic of Congo]
−
 
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Lac Tumba landscape'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://www.wwfdrc.org/en/our_work/landscapes/lac_tumba_landscape/ WWF Lac Tumba Landscape]
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
−
 
−
<br>
 
−
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
WWF (n.d.). Lac Tumba. Online: https://www.wwfdrc.org/en/our_work/landscapes/lac_tumba_landscape/ <br>
 +
Inogwabini, B. I., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M., & wa Tshimanga, T. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx, 41(4), 532-538. <br>
 +
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate <br>
 +
Spécialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 29/11/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
−
 
 
−
<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 04:17, 23 February 2022

Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Lac Tumba landscape

Summary

  • Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in the Lac Tumba landscape.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 78,972 km².
  • Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat loss, and diseases.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site holds the world’s largest swamp forest, and the world’s second largest wetland area.

Site characteristics

The Lac Tumba (or Lake Tumba) landscape is situated in western Democratic Republic of Congo, and extends into neighbouring Republic of Congo, forming the Lac Tumba-Lac Tele transboundary landscape. The landscape is made up mainly of marshes, seasonally flooded forests and meadows. It is home to the largest Ramsar freshwater wetland of international importance. The forest of Lac Tumba is the world’s largest swamp forest, and the world’s second largest wetland area (WWF n.d.). About 60% of the Lac Tumba landscape is inundated and seasonally flooded forest (Inogwabini et al. 2007). The landscape is home to a wide variety of large mammals, including bonobos, chimpanzees, Angolan pied colobus, Allen's swamp monkeys, black mangabeys, red colobus, red-tailed monkeys, forest elephants, buffalos and leopards (Inogwabini et al. 2007). In addition, the swamps have a rich diversity of fish and attract freshwater-dependent species such as sitatunga, water chevrotain, slender-snout crocodiles, Nile crocodile, and hippopotamus (Inogwabini et al. 2007).

Table 1. Basic site information for Lac Tumba landscape

Area 78,972 km²
Coordinates -1.597554, 17.117188
Designation Protected Landscape
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, savanna

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Bonobo groups were found in five areas in a 2005 survey: (1) Bolombo-Losombo, (2) Mbala-Donkese, (3) Ngombe-Botuali, (4) Botuali-Ilombe, and (5) Mompulenge–Mbanzi-Malebo–Nguomi (Inogwabini et al. 2007). There were two sub-groups in the latter area, separated by 50 km of unbroken gallery forest, Mopulenge-Mbanzi and Malebo-Nguomi. One group of chimpanzees was found in the area between Bosobele and Lubengo (Inogwabini et al. 2007).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lac Tumba landscape

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan paniscus 2005 0.057 Bolombo-Losombo (552 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan paniscus 2005 17 (15-19) 0.27 (0.24-0.29) Mbala-Donkese (160 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan paniscus 2005 198 (176-212) 0.27 (0.24-0.29) Ngombe-Botuali (1,829 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan paniscus 2005 103 (92-111) 0.27 (0.24-0.29) Botuali-Ilombe (955 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan paniscus 2005 2,297 (1,880-3,550) 2.2 (1.8-3.4) Malebo-Nguomi (1,993 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan paniscus 2005 1.2 Mopulenge-Mbanzi (1,380,390 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2005 0.019 Bosobele-Lubengo (4,047 sq. km) Reconnaissance and line transect methods Inogwabini et al. 2007

Threats

Poaching, habitat loss, and diseases are the main direct threats to bonobos in Lac Tumba (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Although logging has been considered moderately severe, the situation is considered reversible if sufficient efforts are made, such as closing of logging roads and rehabilitation of the natural vegetation (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Unmonitored fishing and bushmeat hunting are common at the site (Inogwabini et al. 2007). The Bateke people inhabiting the Malebo area believe that bonobos are their ancestors, and therefore a traditional taboo prevents them from hunting bonobos (Inogwabini et al. 2007).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Lac Tumba landscape

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Unplanned and unsustainable subsistence agricultural practices (Inogwabini et al. 2007). Ongoing (2007)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Low Development of communications infrastructure (roads, railways) (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Ongoing (2012)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Poaching is facilitated by increasing availability of weapons and ammunition and the location of the area at the junction of major river routes (Inogwabini et al. 2007, IUCN & ICCN 2012). Ongoing (2012)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Legal and illegal industrial logging. Easy river access is used for transportation of timber to Kinshasa (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Logging for the wenge Mellitia laurenti (Inogwabini et al. 2007). Ongoing (2012)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin Present, but threat severity unknown Threat of disease (IUCN & ICCN 2012). Ongoing (2012)
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The landscape is a priority conservation landscape funded by the Central African Regional Programme for the Environment of the US Agency for International Development through the International Congo Basin Forest Partnership. The site was selected as a priority conservation site in 2000 (Inogwabini et al. 2007).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Lac Tumba landscape

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lac Tumba landscape

Challenge Source
Lack of law enforcement IUCN & ICCN 2012
Lack of government support IUCN & ICCN 2012
Lack of understanding of conservation issues IUCN & ICCN 2012
Insufficient subsistence alternatives IUCN & ICCN 2012

Research activities

Preliminary bonobo and chimpanzee nesting by habitat type in the northern Lac Tumba Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo
Bonobo Food Items, Food Availability and Bonobo Distribution in the Lake Tumba Swampy Forests, Democratic Republic of Congo

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Lac Tumba landscape

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

WWF Lac Tumba Landscape

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

WWF (n.d.). Lac Tumba. Online: https://www.wwfdrc.org/en/our_work/landscapes/lac_tumba_landscape/
Inogwabini, B. I., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M., & wa Tshimanga, T. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx, 41(4), 532-538.
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate
Spécialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 29/11/2021

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