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Zwedru Proposed Protected Area (view source)
Revision as of 02:46, 17 January 2020
, 02:46, 17 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
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3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 637.15 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Zwedru Proposed Protected Area has been designated a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and an International Bird Area (IBA).
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Zwedru Proposed Protected Area is located 20 km west of the town Zwedru – the capital of Grand Gedeh county - on the northern border between Liberia and Côte D’Ivoire. It has been designated an IBA and a KBA, because it is the only known site where the critically endangered Liberian greenbull, ''Phyllastrephus leucolepis'', has been reported (Johnson 2015). No information about other surveys at this site could be found. During the nationwide survey in 2010-2012 (Tweh et al. 2014), the survey teams found fresh and old chimpanzee nests three kilometers from the border of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area, on the north-western boundary of the site (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|637.15 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|6.29 N, -8.35 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
A survey of indicator species was undertaken in 2005 (FFI 2005). This was a collaborative effort of Fauna & Flora International (FFI) the FDA, Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia (EPA) and the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (MPEA). However, no further details on this survey could be found.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|
|
|Likely to be present
|Zwedru Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015 (Fig. 6A, Appendix B)
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The entire proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold, diamonds and other minerals except for iron ore owned by Superior Mineral Resources Inc. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017). Zwedru Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permit (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). Moderate amounts of hunting signs were also recorded on two line transects about 3 km south-west of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|High
|
|Mining for gold, diamonds and other minerals, except for iron ore (Johnson 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|
|Hunting signs recorded (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2011/2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|Low
|
|Area overlapped with Private-Use Permits, which have been withdrawn (Global Witness 2013, Johnson 2015)
|2013-2015
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 28/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 637.15 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Zwedru Proposed Protected Area has been designated a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and an International Bird Area (IBA).
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Zwedru Proposed Protected Area is located 20 km west of the town Zwedru – the capital of Grand Gedeh county - on the northern border between Liberia and Côte D’Ivoire. It has been designated an IBA and a KBA, because it is the only known site where the critically endangered Liberian greenbull, ''Phyllastrephus leucolepis'', has been reported (Johnson 2015). No information about other surveys at this site could be found. During the nationwide survey in 2010-2012 (Tweh et al. 2014), the survey teams found fresh and old chimpanzee nests three kilometers from the border of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area, on the north-western boundary of the site (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|637.15 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|6.29 N, -8.35 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
A survey of indicator species was undertaken in 2005 (FFI 2005). This was a collaborative effort of Fauna & Flora International (FFI) the FDA, Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia (EPA) and the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (MPEA). However, no further details on this survey could be found.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|
|
|Likely to be present
|Zwedru Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015 (Fig. 6A, Appendix B)
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The entire proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold, diamonds and other minerals except for iron ore owned by Superior Mineral Resources Inc. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017). Zwedru Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permit (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). Moderate amounts of hunting signs were also recorded on two line transects about 3 km south-west of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|High
|
|Mining for gold, diamonds and other minerals, except for iron ore (Johnson 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|
|Hunting signs recorded (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2011/2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|Low
|
|Area overlapped with Private-Use Permits, which have been withdrawn (Global Witness 2013, Johnson 2015)
|2013-2015
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 28/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>