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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Mali]] > [[Bafing]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Bafing.
* It has been estimated that between 417-1,408 individuals occurred in the site in 1993.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 5000 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation due to subsistence farming.
* No conservation activities were reported for Bafing.
* Hottest and driest place in which western chimpanzees exist (Kortlandt 1983). Chimpanzees do not seem to be restricted to riverine forest, but are spread widely through the soudanien woodland.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bafing is situated in southern Mali. The current status of the site is not known. This site is 5000 km² (World Database on Protected Areas 2019). Woodlands dominate most of the landscape. During his survey of south-western Mali, Moore (1985) regularly observed buffalo ''Syncerus caffer'', roan '' Hippotragus equinus'', hartebeest '' Alcelaphus buselaphus'', and warthog '' Phacochoerus africanus''. Sayer (1977) encountered giant eland ''Tragelaphus derbianus'' and giraffe ''Giraffa camelopardalis'' in this area. Lion ''Panthera leo'', leopard ''Panthera pardus'', and African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus'' also probably occur at very low densities (Moore 1985). The current state of biodiversity is not known. Although this is the hottest and driest place in which western chimpanzees are known to exist (Kortlandt 1983), chimpanzees at this site do not seem to be restricted to riverine forest, but are spread widely through the soudanien woodland (Moore 1985).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|5000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|12.69 N, -10.34 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Unknown
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Inland Rocky Areas, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Lowland Grassland, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In the 1970’s and 80’s, surveys conducted from vehicles or on foot confirmed chimpanzee presence in this area and estimated chimpanzee density at 0.08 chimpanzees per km2, resulting in a population of several hundred chimpanzees for the site (Sayer 1977, Moore 1985). More recent surveys by Pavy (1993) and Granier and Martinez (2004) estimated chimpanzee density at 0.27 and 0.35-0.4, respectively, yielding a population closer to, or above 1,000 individuals.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1972-1974
|
|
|Present
|Parc National du Baoulé and its three adjacent reserves of Fina, Badinnko and Kongossombougou, and the surrounding controlled hunting areas; study area size: 10,000 km²
|Index survey
|Sayer 1977
|‘Reconnaissance walk’
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1984
|700
|0.08
|
|South-west Mali; study area size: 5,000 km²
|Strip sampling (by road and by foot)
|Moore 1985
|Survey effort road: 650 km; survey effort foot: 100 km; extrapolation based on similar habitat types
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1993
|1,408
|0.27
|
|Bafing; study area size: 5,200 km²
|Informed guess
|Pavy 1993, in Kormos et al. 2003
|Results of a “nest survey” were extrapolated to probable chimpanzee habitat
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2003- 2004
|
|0.35-0.4
|6.5
|Area near camps Fari, Faragama, Djakoli
|Line transect (Distance)
|Granier & Martinez 2004
|Survey effort: 29 km on 18 line transects; 190 nests observed
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2004
|
|
|Present
|Area around Solo village in Bafing; study area size: 183 km²
|Index survey
|Duvall 2008
|Duvall (2008) walked loops of 62 km twice weekly for several months, encountered chimpanzee groups directly (48) or indirectly (224) on 272 occasions (Duvall 2008)
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Populations of several other species of large wild animals in Mali have declined drastically (Sayer 1977, Moore 1985), and it therefore seems probable that Mali’s chimpanzee population has also declined, although there is
no information on demographic trends to prove this (Kormos et al. 2003). The main causes of this population decline are hunting and agricultural expansion (Kormos et al. 2003), but road construction, human settlement, mining, and natural system modification causing flooding (Moor 1985, Kormos et al. 2003) are additional threats to chimpanzees and other wildlife species in this area.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|Medium
|
|Settlement and agriculture are allowed inside the parks and reserves in Mali (Sayer 1977, Duvall 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock Farming & Ranching
|High
|
|Settlement and agriculture are allowed inside the parks and reserves in Mali (Sayer 1977)
|1977-2000 (2000: establishment of Bafing NP)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|
|Gold-mining near Kéniéba and Sadiola (Caspary et al. 1998, in Kormos et al. 2003)
|Ongoing (2003)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & Railroads
|Medium
|
|Proposed road connecting Bamako and Dakar passing through Kouroukoto (Kormos et al. 2003)
|Ongoing (2003)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|The killing of chimpanzees to protect crops and wild fruit trees has been reported for parts of Mali (Duvall 2008, Moore 1985, Sayer 1977), in other areas there are taboos against hunting chimpanzees (Terrade pers. obs.)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & Water Management/Use
|High
|
|A large dam constructed on Bafing river at Manantali flooding some 500 km2 (Moore 1985)
|1990
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & Forestry Effluents
|Low
|
|Area to be freed from onchocerciasis and trypanosomiasis; programmes to eliminate the vectors of the diseases are scheduled to take 20 years to complete (Sayer 1977)
|1977-1997
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation interventions have been reported for Bafing.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Honey eating
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Termite fishing
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Termite eating
|Kühl et al. 2019
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Duvall C S. 2008. Human settlement ecology and chimpanzee habitat selection in Mali. Landscape Ecology 23: 699-716.<br>
Granier N., Martinez L. 2004. Première reconnaissance des chimpanzés ''Pan troglodytes verus'' dans la zone transfontalière entre la Gunée et le Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest). Primatologie 6: 423-447.<br>
Kormos R, Boesch C, Bakarr M I, Butynski T. (eds.). 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Switzerland and UK.<br>
Kortlandt A 1983. Marginal habitats of chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution: 12 231–278.<br>
Kühl H S, Boesch C, Kulik L, Hass F, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science 363: 1453–1455.<br>
Moore J J. 1985. Chimpanzee survey in Mali, West Africa. Primate Conservation 6: 59–63.<br>
Sayer J A. 1977. Conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali. Biological Conservation 12: 245–263.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & E. Terrade '''Date:''' 18/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Mali]] > [[Bafing]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Bafing.
* It has been estimated that between 417-1,408 individuals occurred in the site in 1993.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 5000 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation due to subsistence farming.
* No conservation activities were reported for Bafing.
* Hottest and driest place in which western chimpanzees exist (Kortlandt 1983). Chimpanzees do not seem to be restricted to riverine forest, but are spread widely through the soudanien woodland.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bafing is situated in southern Mali. The current status of the site is not known. This site is 5000 km² (World Database on Protected Areas 2019). Woodlands dominate most of the landscape. During his survey of south-western Mali, Moore (1985) regularly observed buffalo ''Syncerus caffer'', roan '' Hippotragus equinus'', hartebeest '' Alcelaphus buselaphus'', and warthog '' Phacochoerus africanus''. Sayer (1977) encountered giant eland ''Tragelaphus derbianus'' and giraffe ''Giraffa camelopardalis'' in this area. Lion ''Panthera leo'', leopard ''Panthera pardus'', and African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus'' also probably occur at very low densities (Moore 1985). The current state of biodiversity is not known. Although this is the hottest and driest place in which western chimpanzees are known to exist (Kortlandt 1983), chimpanzees at this site do not seem to be restricted to riverine forest, but are spread widely through the soudanien woodland (Moore 1985).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|5000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|12.69 N, -10.34 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Unknown
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Inland Rocky Areas, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Lowland Grassland, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In the 1970’s and 80’s, surveys conducted from vehicles or on foot confirmed chimpanzee presence in this area and estimated chimpanzee density at 0.08 chimpanzees per km2, resulting in a population of several hundred chimpanzees for the site (Sayer 1977, Moore 1985). More recent surveys by Pavy (1993) and Granier and Martinez (2004) estimated chimpanzee density at 0.27 and 0.35-0.4, respectively, yielding a population closer to, or above 1,000 individuals.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1972-1974
|
|
|Present
|Parc National du Baoulé and its three adjacent reserves of Fina, Badinnko and Kongossombougou, and the surrounding controlled hunting areas; study area size: 10,000 km²
|Index survey
|Sayer 1977
|‘Reconnaissance walk’
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1984
|700
|0.08
|
|South-west Mali; study area size: 5,000 km²
|Strip sampling (by road and by foot)
|Moore 1985
|Survey effort road: 650 km; survey effort foot: 100 km; extrapolation based on similar habitat types
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1993
|1,408
|0.27
|
|Bafing; study area size: 5,200 km²
|Informed guess
|Pavy 1993, in Kormos et al. 2003
|Results of a “nest survey” were extrapolated to probable chimpanzee habitat
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2003- 2004
|
|0.35-0.4
|6.5
|Area near camps Fari, Faragama, Djakoli
|Line transect (Distance)
|Granier & Martinez 2004
|Survey effort: 29 km on 18 line transects; 190 nests observed
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2004
|
|
|Present
|Area around Solo village in Bafing; study area size: 183 km²
|Index survey
|Duvall 2008
|Duvall (2008) walked loops of 62 km twice weekly for several months, encountered chimpanzee groups directly (48) or indirectly (224) on 272 occasions (Duvall 2008)
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Populations of several other species of large wild animals in Mali have declined drastically (Sayer 1977, Moore 1985), and it therefore seems probable that Mali’s chimpanzee population has also declined, although there is
no information on demographic trends to prove this (Kormos et al. 2003). The main causes of this population decline are hunting and agricultural expansion (Kormos et al. 2003), but road construction, human settlement, mining, and natural system modification causing flooding (Moor 1985, Kormos et al. 2003) are additional threats to chimpanzees and other wildlife species in this area.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|Medium
|
|Settlement and agriculture are allowed inside the parks and reserves in Mali (Sayer 1977, Duvall 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock Farming & Ranching
|High
|
|Settlement and agriculture are allowed inside the parks and reserves in Mali (Sayer 1977)
|1977-2000 (2000: establishment of Bafing NP)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|
|Gold-mining near Kéniéba and Sadiola (Caspary et al. 1998, in Kormos et al. 2003)
|Ongoing (2003)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & Railroads
|Medium
|
|Proposed road connecting Bamako and Dakar passing through Kouroukoto (Kormos et al. 2003)
|Ongoing (2003)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|The killing of chimpanzees to protect crops and wild fruit trees has been reported for parts of Mali (Duvall 2008, Moore 1985, Sayer 1977), in other areas there are taboos against hunting chimpanzees (Terrade pers. obs.)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & Water Management/Use
|High
|
|A large dam constructed on Bafing river at Manantali flooding some 500 km2 (Moore 1985)
|1990
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & Forestry Effluents
|Low
|
|Area to be freed from onchocerciasis and trypanosomiasis; programmes to eliminate the vectors of the diseases are scheduled to take 20 years to complete (Sayer 1977)
|1977-1997
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation interventions have been reported for Bafing.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Honey eating
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Termite fishing
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Termite eating
|Kühl et al. 2019
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Duvall C S. 2008. Human settlement ecology and chimpanzee habitat selection in Mali. Landscape Ecology 23: 699-716.<br>
Granier N., Martinez L. 2004. Première reconnaissance des chimpanzés ''Pan troglodytes verus'' dans la zone transfontalière entre la Gunée et le Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest). Primatologie 6: 423-447.<br>
Kormos R, Boesch C, Bakarr M I, Butynski T. (eds.). 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Switzerland and UK.<br>
Kortlandt A 1983. Marginal habitats of chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution: 12 231–278.<br>
Kühl H S, Boesch C, Kulik L, Hass F, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science 363: 1453–1455.<br>
Moore J J. 1985. Chimpanzee survey in Mali, West Africa. Primate Conservation 6: 59–63.<br>
Sayer J A. 1977. Conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali. Biological Conservation 12: 245–263.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & E. Terrade '''Date:''' 18/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>