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Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (view source)
Revision as of 04:39, 17 October 2022
, 04:39, 17 October 2022no edit summary
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[[West Africa]] > [[Guinea-Bissau]] > [[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Guinea-Bissau]] > [[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park.
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|11.70, -15.04~[[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park.
* It has been estimated that between 137 and 311 individuals occur at the site.
* It has been estimated that between 137 and 311 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are disturbance through human activities.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are disturbance through human activities.
* The following conservation activities were conducted by the ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”: Livelihood improvement and awareness raising.
* The following conservation activities were conducted by the ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”: Livelihood improvement and awareness raising.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park [LCNP (11.70 N, -15.04 W)] was created in December 2000 in the region of Quinara, in southern Guinea-Bissau and is managed by the governmental organization “Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP)”. LCNP is a Ramsar site and covers an area of 890 km 2 (including water areas) (Sousa C. et al. 2005). The average annual temperature is 26°C and the average annual rainfall 200 mm. The rain season reaches from June to October/ November (Catarino L. 2002). Consisting of three lakes (Biorna, Bedasse and Cufada itself), this park holds the country’s largest freshwater reserve, an important detail for the existence of several rare types of animals and plants. Overall, 33 villages are found in the park, inhabited by 3,534 people of different ethnic groups (Beafada (77.4%), Balanta (8.7%), Fula (3.6%), Manjaco (3.6%), Pepel (2.6%) and Bijagó, Mandiga and Mancanha (4.1%)) (Imbali F. 1997, IBAP. 2007, Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The villagers’ livelihoods rely extensively on natural resources for their survival. Subsistence farming, and bushmeat hunting is common (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). Chimpanzees are not hunted because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015).
Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park [LCNP (11.70 N, -15.04 W)] was created in December 2000 in the region of Quinara, in southern Guinea-Bissau and is managed by the governmental organization “Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP)”. LCNP is a Ramsar site and covers an area of 890 km 2 (including water areas) (Sousa C. et al. 2005). The average annual temperature is 26°C and the average annual rainfall 200 mm. The rain season reaches from June to October/ November (Catarino L. 2002). Consisting of three lakes (Biorna, Bedasse and Cufada itself), this park holds the country’s largest freshwater reserve, an important detail for the existence of several rare types of animals and plants. Overall, 33 villages are found in the park, inhabited by 3,534 people of different ethnic groups (Beafada (77.4%), Balanta (8.7%), Fula (3.6%), Manjaco (3.6%), Pepel (2.6%) and Bijagó, Mandiga and Mancanha (4.1%)) (Imbali F. 1997, IBAP. 2007, Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The villagers’ livelihoods rely extensively on natural resources for their survival. Subsistence farming, and bushmeat hunting is common (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). Chimpanzees are not hunted because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|11.70 N, 15.04 W
|11.70, -15.04
|-
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp, Forest, Moist Savanna, Permanent Freshwater, Marshes/Pools
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp, Forest, Moist Savanna, Permanent Freshwater, Marshes/Pools
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park is delimited by two main rivers, the Corubal in the north and the Buba River in the south, which limits the chimpanzee distribution north and south of the protected area. Estimates for the chimpanzee population ranges from 137 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013) to 311 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The population trend is unknown. Nest decay rate was estimated to be 293.9 days (%CV = 58.80).
The Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park is delimited by two main rivers, the Corubal in the north and the Buba River in the south, which limits the chimpanzee distribution north and south of the protected area. Estimates for the chimpanzee population ranges from 137 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013) to 311 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The population trend is unknown. Nest decay rate was estimated to be 293.9 days (%CV = 58.80).
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
Most of the roads and settlements in LCNP are surrounded by extensive cashew monocultures, which reduces the availability of nesting trees for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees sometimes split branches while crop-raiding, when trying to reach the fruit, leading to irreversible damages of trees and often resulting in chimpanzee-human conflict (Carvalho et al. 2013). During cashew harvesting (March to late June), the number of people inside the park, as well as road traffic, usually increases and the temporary harvest workers show little awareness with respect to the conservation of park biodiversity (Carvalho et al. 2013). Hunting is allowed during the dry season (November until April) but forbidden during the rainy season, usually the reproductive periods (May until October). Chimpanzees and other non- human primates cannot be legally hunted and the trade in bushmeat is illegal at all times (Amador et al. 2015). However hunting for the trade and of primates happens inside the Park as a source of vital income and meat is traded in and outside the park, often to cities as Bissau, where wild meat, particularly big monkeys as baboons, can be sold at higher prices. The bushmeat trade takes place along the main roads or by boat, with Bissau as the primary destination. Although people from the Beafada ethnic do not eat bush pigs or monkeys due to religious restrictions (Muslims), they still hunt these animals for sale to others (Amador et al. 2015). Even though commercial hunting constitutes a threat to the primate populations, chimpanzees are usually not targeted or sold because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015). One third of the area of LCNP has been destroyed since 2003 for construction of a harbour for bauxite transport. This has also eroded local population’s respect for the NP’s integrity (IUCN & Chimbo 2016).
Most of the roads and settlements in LCNP are surrounded by extensive cashew monocultures, which reduces the availability of nesting trees for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees sometimes split branches while crop-raiding, when trying to reach the fruit, leading to irreversible damages of trees and often resulting in chimpanzee-human conflict (Carvalho et al. 2013). During cashew harvesting (March to late June), the number of people inside the park, as well as road traffic, usually increases and the temporary harvest workers show little awareness with respect to the conservation of park biodiversity (Carvalho et al. 2013). Hunting is allowed during the dry season (November until April) but forbidden during the rainy season, usually the reproductive periods (May until October). Chimpanzees and other non- human primates cannot be legally hunted and the trade in bushmeat is illegal at all times (Amador et al. 2015). However hunting for the trade and of primates happens inside the Park as a source of vital income and meat is traded in and outside the park, often to cities as Bissau, where wild meat, particularly big monkeys as baboons, can be sold at higher prices. The bushmeat trade takes place along the main roads or by boat, with Bissau as the primary destination. Although people from the Beafada ethnic do not eat bush pigs or monkeys due to religious restrictions (Muslims), they still hunt these animals for sale to others (Amador et al. 2015). Even though commercial hunting constitutes a threat to the primate populations, chimpanzees are usually not targeted or sold because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015). One third of the area of LCNP has been destroyed since 2003 for construction of a harbour for bauxite transport. This has also eroded local population’s respect for the NP’s integrity (IUCN & Chimbo 2016).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Low
|Low
|3534 people in 33 rural villages
|3534 people in 33 rural villages
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|Present
|One third of the area has been destroyed for construction of a harbor for bauxite transport (IUCN & Chimbo 2016)
|One third of the area has been destroyed for construction of a harbor for bauxite transport (IUCN & Chimbo 2016)
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & Railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Low
|Low
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low
|Low
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|5.2 Gathering Terrestrial Plants
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Low
|Low
|
|
The LCNP attempts to protect biodiversity and simultaneously provide for peoples’ livelihood and development needs (Catarina Casanova, 2015). The Park management provided livelihood related incentives, such as health infrastructures, boreholes, improvement of schools before the LCNP implementation, incentives for the raising and consumption of domestic animals and honey bee production (Amador et al. 2015). Educational approaches, such as engaging local people in pro-conservation behaviours, as well as value and attitude change through environmental education are implemented by Park Guards (Amador et al. 2015). In Long-term population monitoring in LCNP, an important refuge for coastal populations of the western chimpanzee, would be highly desirable and may be achieved by investing in local training and capacity building (Carvalho et al. 2013).
The LCNP attempts to protect biodiversity and simultaneously provide for peoples’ livelihood and development needs (Catarina Casanova, 2015). The Park management provided livelihood related incentives, such as health infrastructures, boreholes, improvement of schools before the LCNP implementation, incentives for the raising and consumption of domestic animals and honey bee production (Amador et al. 2015). Educational approaches, such as engaging local people in pro-conservation behaviours, as well as value and attitude change through environmental education are implemented by Park Guards (Amador et al. 2015). In Long-term population monitoring in LCNP, an important refuge for coastal populations of the western chimpanzee, would be highly desirable and may be achieved by investing in local training and capacity building (Carvalho et al. 2013).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
The LCNP is managed by a governmental organization, the “Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”. IBAP faces severe funding and personnel limitations despite multiple threats to the park’s integrity (Carvalho et al. 2013).
The LCNP is managed by a governmental organization, the “Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”. IBAP faces severe funding and personnel limitations despite multiple threats to the park’s integrity (Carvalho et al. 2013).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Challenges <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
|}
|}
= References =
= References =