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Loma Mountains National Park (view source)
Revision as of 02:46, 20 January 2020
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3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Loma Mountains National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Loma Mountains National Park.
* It has been estimated that 1,065 (CI: 572-1,986) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 332 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat encroachment due to farming.
* Sierra Leone’s Forestry Division is responsible for the management and protection of the site; more information on conservation activities is lacking.
* The status of the site was upgraded from non-hunting forest reserve to national park as part of a biodiversity offset for the Bumbuna hydroelectric dam.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site was first established as a non-hunting reserve in 1972, and upgraded to national park status in 2012 as part of an offset plan to compensate for the environmental impacts caused by the Bumbuna hydroelectric project (Brncic et al. 2010; Kormos et al. 2014). Loma Mountains National park is located in Sierra Leone’s Nothern Province (Forestry Division 2012). Mount Bintumani is located in the site, which, at 1,945 m, is the highest peak in West Africa, west of Mount Cameroon (Hanson-Alp et al. 2003). The high elevations in the area gave rise to three main plant communities: closed forests and savanna (from 4,60 to 915 m), sub-montane Shrubland and gallery forests (915 to 1,700 m), and montane grassland (above 1,700, Forestry Division 2012). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site hosts other endangered and vulnerable species, including western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), pygmy hippo (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), golden cat (''Caracal aurata''), and zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra'', Forestry Division 2012). The site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/loma-mountains-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) with at least 245 bird species (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|332 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|9.20 N, -11.12 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Shrubland, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
According to a nationwide survey in 2009, which included Loma Mountains, an estimated 1,065 chimpanzees inhabit the site (Brncic et al. 2010). Loma is estimated to harbor 20% of the country’s chimpanzee population. The highest chimpanzee densities were found at higher elevations, likely because they are not easily accessed by humans (Brncic et al. 2010). The chimpanzee population trend is unknown, but based on a viability analysis, the population was projected to decline over the next 200 years if current conditions remained the same (Carlsen et al. 2011).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2008
|
|5.75-7.41
|
|15% of the total area of Loma Mountains National Park
|Unknown
|Kortenhoven 2008 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|1065 (572-1986)
|2.69 (1.44-5.01)
|8.27
|Loma Mountains National Park
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Survey effort: 59.8 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During a chimpanzee survey in 2009, human activities were observed mostly in the lowland areas of the park, especially farming activities (Brncic et al. 2010). Similarly, hunting signs were less common at higher elevations, near Bintumani peak. Overall, hunting pressure is much lower in Loma Mountains National Park compared to Tingi Hills or WAPFR (Brncic et al. 2010). While local people considerably rely on bushmeat, most of it is obtained close to the fields, and larger animals account only for a smaller fraction of bushmeat consumed (Forestry Division 2012). However, the extent of commercial hunting in the area is unknown (Forestry Division 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages and farmland where located within the site before new boundaries where agreed upon in 2012 (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|15% of vegetation cleared
|Vegetation cleared for agriculture (Brncic et al. 2010, Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|Hunting signs are present in the lowland areas of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present
|
|The site is a source of medicinal plants, wild fruits, herbs, and building materials for local people (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|
|Logging for subsistence (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present
|
|Fires to clear vegetation within and around the park sometimes extend beyond the intended field (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Forestry Division of Sierra Leone is responsible for the management of protected areas (Forestry Division 2012). The World Bank provided initial funding for the setup of the national park, but the long-term, sustainable financing of the park has not been secured (Kormos et al. 2014; Forestry Division 2012). Conservation measures for the park have included the development of a management plan, demarcation of the park’s boundaries, and posting and training staff (Kormos et al. 2014).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|As of 2012, two rangers were part of the park’s staff (Forestry Division 2012)
|Since 2012
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as national park since 2012 (Forestry Division 2012)
|Since 2012
|-
|
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|Resurveying and physically demarcating park boundary (Kormos et al. 2014)
|Ongoing(2014)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of financial means
|Kormos et al. 2014
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Loma Mountains Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/08/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Carlsen,F., Leus, K., Traylor-Holzer, K., McKenna, A.(Editors). 2012. Western Chimpanzee Population and Habitat Viability Assessment for Sierra Leone: Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group – Europe (CBSG Europe), Copenhagen, Denmark.<br>
Forestry Division. 2012. Loma Mountains National Park: Preliminary Management Plan 2013-2017. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone<br>
Hanson-Alp, R., Bakarr, M.I., Lebbie, A., Bangura, K.I. 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, Chapter 10: Sierra Leone. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK<br>
Kormos R, Kormos CF, Humle T, Lanjouw A, Rainer H, et al. 2014. Great Apes and Biodiversity Offset Projects in Africa: The Case for National Offset Strategies. PLOS ONE 9(11): e111671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111671<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Loma Mountains National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Loma Mountains National Park.
* It has been estimated that 1,065 (CI: 572-1,986) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 332 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and habitat encroachment due to farming.
* Sierra Leone’s Forestry Division is responsible for the management and protection of the site; more information on conservation activities is lacking.
* The status of the site was upgraded from non-hunting forest reserve to national park as part of a biodiversity offset for the Bumbuna hydroelectric dam.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site was first established as a non-hunting reserve in 1972, and upgraded to national park status in 2012 as part of an offset plan to compensate for the environmental impacts caused by the Bumbuna hydroelectric project (Brncic et al. 2010; Kormos et al. 2014). Loma Mountains National park is located in Sierra Leone’s Nothern Province (Forestry Division 2012). Mount Bintumani is located in the site, which, at 1,945 m, is the highest peak in West Africa, west of Mount Cameroon (Hanson-Alp et al. 2003). The high elevations in the area gave rise to three main plant communities: closed forests and savanna (from 4,60 to 915 m), sub-montane Shrubland and gallery forests (915 to 1,700 m), and montane grassland (above 1,700, Forestry Division 2012). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site hosts other endangered and vulnerable species, including western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), pygmy hippo (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), golden cat (''Caracal aurata''), and zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra'', Forestry Division 2012). The site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/loma-mountains-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) with at least 245 bird species (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|332 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|9.20 N, -11.12 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Dry Shrubland, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
According to a nationwide survey in 2009, which included Loma Mountains, an estimated 1,065 chimpanzees inhabit the site (Brncic et al. 2010). Loma is estimated to harbor 20% of the country’s chimpanzee population. The highest chimpanzee densities were found at higher elevations, likely because they are not easily accessed by humans (Brncic et al. 2010). The chimpanzee population trend is unknown, but based on a viability analysis, the population was projected to decline over the next 200 years if current conditions remained the same (Carlsen et al. 2011).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2008
|
|5.75-7.41
|
|15% of the total area of Loma Mountains National Park
|Unknown
|Kortenhoven 2008 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|1065 (572-1986)
|2.69 (1.44-5.01)
|8.27
|Loma Mountains National Park
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Survey effort: 59.8 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During a chimpanzee survey in 2009, human activities were observed mostly in the lowland areas of the park, especially farming activities (Brncic et al. 2010). Similarly, hunting signs were less common at higher elevations, near Bintumani peak. Overall, hunting pressure is much lower in Loma Mountains National Park compared to Tingi Hills or WAPFR (Brncic et al. 2010). While local people considerably rely on bushmeat, most of it is obtained close to the fields, and larger animals account only for a smaller fraction of bushmeat consumed (Forestry Division 2012). However, the extent of commercial hunting in the area is unknown (Forestry Division 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages and farmland where located within the site before new boundaries where agreed upon in 2012 (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|15% of vegetation cleared
|Vegetation cleared for agriculture (Brncic et al. 2010, Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|
|Hunting signs are present in the lowland areas of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present
|
|The site is a source of medicinal plants, wild fruits, herbs, and building materials for local people (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|
|Logging for subsistence (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present
|
|Fires to clear vegetation within and around the park sometimes extend beyond the intended field (Forestry Division 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Forestry Division of Sierra Leone is responsible for the management of protected areas (Forestry Division 2012). The World Bank provided initial funding for the setup of the national park, but the long-term, sustainable financing of the park has not been secured (Kormos et al. 2014; Forestry Division 2012). Conservation measures for the park have included the development of a management plan, demarcation of the park’s boundaries, and posting and training staff (Kormos et al. 2014).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|As of 2012, two rangers were part of the park’s staff (Forestry Division 2012)
|Since 2012
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as national park since 2012 (Forestry Division 2012)
|Since 2012
|-
|
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|Resurveying and physically demarcating park boundary (Kormos et al. 2014)
|Ongoing(2014)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of financial means
|Kormos et al. 2014
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Loma Mountains National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Loma Mountains Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/08/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Carlsen,F., Leus, K., Traylor-Holzer, K., McKenna, A.(Editors). 2012. Western Chimpanzee Population and Habitat Viability Assessment for Sierra Leone: Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group – Europe (CBSG Europe), Copenhagen, Denmark.<br>
Forestry Division. 2012. Loma Mountains National Park: Preliminary Management Plan 2013-2017. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone<br>
Hanson-Alp, R., Bakarr, M.I., Lebbie, A., Bangura, K.I. 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, Chapter 10: Sierra Leone. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK<br>
Kormos R, Kormos CF, Humle T, Lanjouw A, Rainer H, et al. 2014. Great Apes and Biodiversity Offset Projects in Africa: The Case for National Offset Strategies. PLOS ONE 9(11): e111671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111671<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>