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[[Central Africa]] > [[Republic of the Congo]] > [[Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The population trends are unknown.
* The site has a total size of 4,071 km².
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and surveillance, bio-monitoring, and eco-tourism .
* The park forms part of the Sangha Trinational transboundary conservation complex.
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Forest Drone - copyright Scott Ramsay-303.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Forest Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Nouabale Ndoki - copyright Scott Ramsay-9.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Nouabale Ndoki - copyright Scott Ramsay-22.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[File: Silverback Loya_S.Brogan.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Silverback Loya guarding a handful of fruits (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as he takes his time to eat these caramel fragrant fruits © S.Brogan]]
Established in 1993, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (NNNP) is situated in the northern part of Congo, bordering Cameroon and Central African Republic. Together with Lobéké National Park in Cameroon and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic, NNNP is part of the Sangha Trinational (TNS) complex, a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380/ UNESCO World Heritage] site of global importance for biodiversity conservation (Gately 2006). In 2001, NNNP was extended when the government annexed an area known as the Goualougo Triangle. Surveys in the Goualougo Triangle recorded the first encounter with naïve chimpanzees- i.e., they had not seen humans before (Gately 2006). NNNP harbors important populations of gorillas, forest elephants, chimpanzees, bongos, and many other endangered large mammals. Over 300 bird species have been recorded in the area, making NNNP an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). The park has never been logged, contains no settlements or roads within its borders, and is one of the best examples of an intact forest ecosystem remaining in the Congo Basin.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|4,071 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|2.568540, 16.622951
|-
|Designation
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Repetition of large mammal surveys in 2006, 2010-11, and 2016-17, using the same methods, allowed us to detect trends in great apes populations. Gorilla and chimpanzee populations were stable between 2006 and 2016-17 (unpublished data; Brncic, 2017).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2016
|2,168 (1,443-3,257)
|0.53 (0.35-0.80)
|1.8
|Entire park (4,071 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic 2017
|Unpublished data, WCS report. Survey effort: 90 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2016
|3,018 (2,015-4,521)
|0.74 (0.49-1.11)
|4.9
|Entire park (4,071 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic 2017
|Unpublished data, WCS report. Survey effort: 90 km
|
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Chimpanzee enjoying a wadge_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzee enjoying a wadge. A wadge is either leaves or fruit rolled into a ball that the chimpanzee sucks on. Chimpanzees of GTAP also use leaf wadges as sponges. © S.Brogan]]</li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Theresa and Elaine_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Theresa and Elaine (infant) glancing over at observers while descending from the canopy. Infants prefer to climb on their mothers when they start to travel © S.Brogan]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Logging operations in concessions bordering the park inadvertently facilitate illegal activities, such as bushmeat and ivory exploitation for commercial purposes. A major road crossing the Loundougou Forestry Management Unit, just a few kilometres from the park, has created an access route for poachers (Gately 2006). Logging settlements constructed to house the company employees increase the demand for bushmeat and other wildlife products (Gately 2006).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Road building in nearby logging concessions and upgrading of national highways have made the area much more accessible to poachers ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Commercial hunting, mainly of antelopes and monkeys ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]),
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|The Ebola virus poses a potential threat, particularly for the populations of Western Lowland Gorilla (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|As accessibility to the park increases, great apes come into closer and more frequent contact with humans, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission (WCS).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|As accessibility to the park increases, great apes come into closer and more frequent contact with humans, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission (WCS).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In the early 90s, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) conducted a series of reconnaissance surveys that helped determine the boundaries of the park (Gately 2006). The WCS still collaborates with the Congolese Ministry of Forestry Economy to conserve wildlife and their habitat at NNNP (Gately 2006). Since 2013, the park has been managed by the Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, a more efficient, transparent ‘public-private partnership’ - or PPP - between the Government of Congo and WCS.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Eco-guards protect the area from illegal human activities (Gately 2006, Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|Observation data on tracks and other poaching signs collected by patrols and analyzed by SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
|Continuous wild apes health monitoring data collection protocols are in place at long term research sites; no permanent vet is present (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.23. Implement a health programme for local communities
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|The park includes three long-term research sites, plus several other research projects, all of which require the involvement of local communities (Estienne, pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Ecotourism at the site is focused on viewing habituated gorillas and other animals from platforms at Mbeli and Wali Bai (Gately 2006, Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
[[File: Emma_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Young chimpanzee, Emma, probing for honey © S.Brogan]]
The Park includes three permanent research sites, supporting three long-term research projects, namely the Mbeli Bai Study, the Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, and the Mondika Gorilla Study ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]). In addition, since 2005, a landscape survey has been implemented every five years to monitor large mammals, providing population estimates for elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, as well as data on the presence of rarer large mammals such as bongos and buffaloes. The park has been the site for research and development into new advances in conservation science and technology, including aerial videography, remote cameras and acoustic monitoring techniques. Advances in conservation science have been strengthened by an extensive capacity building program (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|termite fishing
|Sanz et al. 2004
|-
|honey pounding
|Sanz & Morgan 2007
|-
|use leafy twigs for rain cover
|Sanz & Morgan 2007
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park]
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/11/2020. <br>
Brncic, T. (2017). Results of the 2016-2017 large mammal survey of the Ndoki-Likouala landscape. Wildlife Conservation Society Report, Brazzaville, Congo <br>
Gately, M. (2006). A Guide to the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park. Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo. <br>
IUCN. (2012). World heritage nomination – IUCN technical evaluation Sangha Trinational (Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic), ID No. 1380 Rev. Available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380/documents/ <br>
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. (2007). Chimpanzee tool technology in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. Journal of Human Evolution, 52(4), 420-433. <br>
Sanz, C., Morgan, D., & Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist 2004 164(5), 567-581. <br>
UNESCO (2012). Trinational de la Sangha- Proposition d’inscription sur la liste du patrimoine mondial. Available at https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1380rev.pdf <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Vittoria Estienne''' Date:''' 18/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Republic of the Congo]] > [[Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The population trends are unknown.
* The site has a total size of 4,071 km².
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and surveillance, bio-monitoring, and eco-tourism .
* The park forms part of the Sangha Trinational transboundary conservation complex.
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Forest Drone - copyright Scott Ramsay-303.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Forest Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Nouabale Ndoki - copyright Scott Ramsay-9.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Nouabale Ndoki - copyright Scott Ramsay-22.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park © Scott Ramsay]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[File: Silverback Loya_S.Brogan.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Silverback Loya guarding a handful of fruits (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as he takes his time to eat these caramel fragrant fruits © S.Brogan]]
Established in 1993, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (NNNP) is situated in the northern part of Congo, bordering Cameroon and Central African Republic. Together with Lobéké National Park in Cameroon and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic, NNNP is part of the Sangha Trinational (TNS) complex, a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380/ UNESCO World Heritage] site of global importance for biodiversity conservation (Gately 2006). In 2001, NNNP was extended when the government annexed an area known as the Goualougo Triangle. Surveys in the Goualougo Triangle recorded the first encounter with naïve chimpanzees- i.e., they had not seen humans before (Gately 2006). NNNP harbors important populations of gorillas, forest elephants, chimpanzees, bongos, and many other endangered large mammals. Over 300 bird species have been recorded in the area, making NNNP an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). The park has never been logged, contains no settlements or roads within its borders, and is one of the best examples of an intact forest ecosystem remaining in the Congo Basin.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|4,071 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|2.568540, 16.622951
|-
|Designation
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Repetition of large mammal surveys in 2006, 2010-11, and 2016-17, using the same methods, allowed us to detect trends in great apes populations. Gorilla and chimpanzee populations were stable between 2006 and 2016-17 (unpublished data; Brncic, 2017).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2016
|2,168 (1,443-3,257)
|0.53 (0.35-0.80)
|1.8
|Entire park (4,071 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic 2017
|Unpublished data, WCS report. Survey effort: 90 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2016
|3,018 (2,015-4,521)
|0.74 (0.49-1.11)
|4.9
|Entire park (4,071 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic 2017
|Unpublished data, WCS report. Survey effort: 90 km
|
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Chimpanzee enjoying a wadge_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzee enjoying a wadge. A wadge is either leaves or fruit rolled into a ball that the chimpanzee sucks on. Chimpanzees of GTAP also use leaf wadges as sponges. © S.Brogan]]</li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Theresa and Elaine_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Theresa and Elaine (infant) glancing over at observers while descending from the canopy. Infants prefer to climb on their mothers when they start to travel © S.Brogan]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Logging operations in concessions bordering the park inadvertently facilitate illegal activities, such as bushmeat and ivory exploitation for commercial purposes. A major road crossing the Loundougou Forestry Management Unit, just a few kilometres from the park, has created an access route for poachers (Gately 2006). Logging settlements constructed to house the company employees increase the demand for bushmeat and other wildlife products (Gately 2006).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Road building in nearby logging concessions and upgrading of national highways have made the area much more accessible to poachers ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Commercial hunting, mainly of antelopes and monkeys ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]),
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|The Ebola virus poses a potential threat, particularly for the populations of Western Lowland Gorilla (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.4 Problematic species/diseases of unknown origin
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|As accessibility to the park increases, great apes come into closer and more frequent contact with humans, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission (WCS).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|As accessibility to the park increases, great apes come into closer and more frequent contact with humans, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission (WCS).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In the early 90s, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) conducted a series of reconnaissance surveys that helped determine the boundaries of the park (Gately 2006). The WCS still collaborates with the Congolese Ministry of Forestry Economy to conserve wildlife and their habitat at NNNP (Gately 2006). Since 2013, the park has been managed by the Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, a more efficient, transparent ‘public-private partnership’ - or PPP - between the Government of Congo and WCS.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Eco-guards protect the area from illegal human activities (Gately 2006, Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|Observation data on tracks and other poaching signs collected by patrols and analyzed by SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
|Continuous wild apes health monitoring data collection protocols are in place at long term research sites; no permanent vet is present (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|8.23. Implement a health programme for local communities
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|The park includes three long-term research sites, plus several other research projects, all of which require the involvement of local communities (Estienne, pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Ecotourism at the site is focused on viewing habituated gorillas and other animals from platforms at Mbeli and Wali Bai (Gately 2006, Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Estienne pers. comm. 2021
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
[[File: Emma_S.Brogan.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Young chimpanzee, Emma, probing for honey © S.Brogan]]
The Park includes three permanent research sites, supporting three long-term research projects, namely the Mbeli Bai Study, the Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, and the Mondika Gorilla Study ([https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS]). In addition, since 2005, a landscape survey has been implemented every five years to monitor large mammals, providing population estimates for elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, as well as data on the presence of rarer large mammals such as bongos and buffaloes. The park has been the site for research and development into new advances in conservation science and technology, including aerial videography, remote cameras and acoustic monitoring techniques. Advances in conservation science have been strengthened by an extensive capacity building program (Estienne pers. comm. 2021).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|termite fishing
|Sanz et al. 2004
|-
|honey pounding
|Sanz & Morgan 2007
|-
|use leafy twigs for rain cover
|Sanz & Morgan 2007
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://congo.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Nouabale-Ndoki-National-Park.aspx WCS Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park]
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park complex. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/11/2020. <br>
Brncic, T. (2017). Results of the 2016-2017 large mammal survey of the Ndoki-Likouala landscape. Wildlife Conservation Society Report, Brazzaville, Congo <br>
Gately, M. (2006). A Guide to the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park. Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo. <br>
IUCN. (2012). World heritage nomination – IUCN technical evaluation Sangha Trinational (Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic), ID No. 1380 Rev. Available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380/documents/ <br>
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. (2007). Chimpanzee tool technology in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. Journal of Human Evolution, 52(4), 420-433. <br>
Sanz, C., Morgan, D., & Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist 2004 164(5), 567-581. <br>
UNESCO (2012). Trinational de la Sangha- Proposition d’inscription sur la liste du patrimoine mondial. Available at https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1380rev.pdf <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Vittoria Estienne''' Date:''' 18/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->