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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + − = Site characteristics = + + + − + − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − |+ − + − + − + − <br> − − − + + − + − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). − − − − − + − + Line 72:
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Line 76: + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 108:
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Line 174: + − + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities --> − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 270:
Line 251: + − + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities. − − − − − − − + − − − − − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − − + − + − + − + − + − ===Relevant datasets===+ − − − <br> − − + − + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
-->
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Bakossi National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|5.069109, 9.586158~[[Bakossi National Park]]~Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee
* Ape taxa present
}}
* Ape population size
</div>
* Ape population trend
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Bakossi National Park.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* The population size is unknown.
* Key threats to apes are ...
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* Additional information
* The site has a total size of 293km².
* Chimpanzees are mainly threatened by hunting.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
* The site is part of the [[Bakossi Landscape Area]]
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The altitude in the park ranges from 300m to 1895m a.s.l., giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Enukwa et al. 2022).
The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the Drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the Chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''). Other primates include Preuss’s red colobus, Red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, Putty-nosed monkey, Mona monkey and other important mammals like Blue duikers, Red river hog, Red-fronted duiker, Black-fronted duikers, Sitatunga, and Long tail pangolin ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|293 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|5.069109, 9.586158
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|National Park
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Enukwa et al. 2022).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bakossi National Park'''
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2022
|
|
|
|
|
|1.2
|
|Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2
|
|Index survey
|
|Enukwa et al. 2022
|
|Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Nest signs 0.9 per km, feeding signs 0.3 per km
|
|
|}
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
INSERT PARAGRAPH(S)
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bakossi National Park'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|
| An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|
|
|Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bakossi National Park'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|
|The park was established in 2007.
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bakossi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF Bakossi NP]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Enukwa, E. H., Augustine, M. A., Ndumbe, L. N., & Namuene, K. S. (2022). Cameroon-Nigeria Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti Matschie, 1914) distribution and habitat affinities in Bakossi National Park. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 6(3), 1-11. <br>
BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.<br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''13/05/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->