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Western Area Peninsula National Park (view source)
Revision as of 05:10, 20 January 2020
, 05:10, 20 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Western Area Peninsula National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Western Area Peninsula National Park.
* It has been estimated that 55 (CI: 15-209) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 183.37 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees include logging, farming, hunting, and human encroachment.
* Awareness raising and support for alternative livelihoods are the main conservation interventions that have been implemented at the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Western Area Peninsula National Park (WAPNP) is located in the Freetown peninsula, west of Sierra Leone (BirdLife International 2019). The site covers a narrow chain of hills, reaching up to 900 m, and holds the western-most remnant of Upper Guinea forest ecosystem (Brncic et al. 2010). With 314 bird species, including five species of global conservation concern (e.g., white-necked rockfowl ''Picathartes gymnocephalus''), WAPNP was designated as an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/western-area-peninsula-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) in 2001 (BirdLife International 2019). The site is also of high importance to the surrounding populations, as it protects the watershed of two dams, which supply water to Freetown and nearby settlements (Brncic et al. 2010; EPA 2017). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other vulnerable species inhabiting the area include Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalopus jentinki''), and the endemic frog ''Cardioglossa aureole'' (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|183.37 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|8.32 N, -13.15 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Based on a line transect survey in 2010, there may be three chimpanzee communities in the area (Brncic et al. 2010). The size of the population was estimated at 55 individuals, which is the most recent population estimate currently available (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|55 (15-209)
|0.36 (0.10-1.32)
|1.08 (0.30-3.90)
|Western Area Peninsular Forest Reserve (158 km²)
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Total survey effort: 26.97 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The park is highly accessible to humans through trails (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting is a key threat in the area, with several hunting camps and hunting signs present at the site (Brncic et al. 2010). In addition, multiple large-scale marijuana farms have been discovered in the park, as well as signs of logging and charcoal production (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to the urban expansion and close proximity to the capital, Freetown, WAPNP faces a lot of pressure, as the demands for fuelwood, farmland, and bushmeat continue to rise (Brncic et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2017). In 2017, following heavy rainfall, a mudslide in the area resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people; the mudslide has been linked to extensive deforestation and erosion of the soil (BirdLife International 2017).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Human encroachment and housing development within the park (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|13 farms within the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Several marijuana farms were found during a survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Local communities also seek land for farming (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Stone mining (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|The presence of trails allows for accessibility to humans (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Hunting camps, shotgun shells, and snares were frequently encountered during a survey (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Tree cuts were frequently found within the park during a survey (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|Present
|
|Two dams are present in the site (Guma Valley Dam and Congo Dam) (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Sierra Leone’s Forestry Division and the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone are the main organizations responsible for the management of the site and the implementation of conservation activities. The EU funded an intervention to decelerate deforestation at the site, which was implemented by Welthungerhilfe (WHH) and the Environmental Forum for Action (ENFORAC) from 2009-2014 (EPA 2017). This intervention focused on awareness raising, especially among potential encroachers, and proving support to local people with alternative livelihood options (Hempel 2013).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|Awareness raising to create an understanding of the importance of conservation and forest ecosystem and function (Hempel 2013)
|2009-2014
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated a National Park in 2012 (EPA 2017)
|Since 2012
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Small-scale community-based tourism was promoted between 2009-2014 (Hempel 2013)
|2009-2014
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2017. [https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/did-sierra-leones-mudslide-uncover-forgotten-conservation-promise www.birdlife.org]<br>
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Western Area Peninsula Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/09/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Environment Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Sierra Leone’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026.<br>
Hempel, H. 2013. Final evaluation report of the Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve protection project. Welthungerhilfe, Bonn.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 18/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Western Area Peninsula National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Western Area Peninsula National Park.
* It has been estimated that 55 (CI: 15-209) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 183.37 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees include logging, farming, hunting, and human encroachment.
* Awareness raising and support for alternative livelihoods are the main conservation interventions that have been implemented at the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Western Area Peninsula National Park (WAPNP) is located in the Freetown peninsula, west of Sierra Leone (BirdLife International 2019). The site covers a narrow chain of hills, reaching up to 900 m, and holds the western-most remnant of Upper Guinea forest ecosystem (Brncic et al. 2010). With 314 bird species, including five species of global conservation concern (e.g., white-necked rockfowl ''Picathartes gymnocephalus''), WAPNP was designated as an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/western-area-peninsula-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) in 2001 (BirdLife International 2019). The site is also of high importance to the surrounding populations, as it protects the watershed of two dams, which supply water to Freetown and nearby settlements (Brncic et al. 2010; EPA 2017). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other vulnerable species inhabiting the area include Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalopus jentinki''), and the endemic frog ''Cardioglossa aureole'' (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|183.37 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|8.32 N, -13.15 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Based on a line transect survey in 2010, there may be three chimpanzee communities in the area (Brncic et al. 2010). The size of the population was estimated at 55 individuals, which is the most recent population estimate currently available (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|55 (15-209)
|0.36 (0.10-1.32)
|1.08 (0.30-3.90)
|Western Area Peninsular Forest Reserve (158 km²)
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Total survey effort: 26.97 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The park is highly accessible to humans through trails (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting is a key threat in the area, with several hunting camps and hunting signs present at the site (Brncic et al. 2010). In addition, multiple large-scale marijuana farms have been discovered in the park, as well as signs of logging and charcoal production (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to the urban expansion and close proximity to the capital, Freetown, WAPNP faces a lot of pressure, as the demands for fuelwood, farmland, and bushmeat continue to rise (Brncic et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2017). In 2017, following heavy rainfall, a mudslide in the area resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people; the mudslide has been linked to extensive deforestation and erosion of the soil (BirdLife International 2017).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Human encroachment and housing development within the park (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|13 farms within the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Several marijuana farms were found during a survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Local communities also seek land for farming (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Stone mining (BirdLife International 2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|The presence of trails allows for accessibility to humans (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Hunting camps, shotgun shells, and snares were frequently encountered during a survey (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Tree cuts were frequently found within the park during a survey (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|Present
|
|Two dams are present in the site (Guma Valley Dam and Congo Dam) (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Sierra Leone’s Forestry Division and the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone are the main organizations responsible for the management of the site and the implementation of conservation activities. The EU funded an intervention to decelerate deforestation at the site, which was implemented by Welthungerhilfe (WHH) and the Environmental Forum for Action (ENFORAC) from 2009-2014 (EPA 2017). This intervention focused on awareness raising, especially among potential encroachers, and proving support to local people with alternative livelihood options (Hempel 2013).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|Awareness raising to create an understanding of the importance of conservation and forest ecosystem and function (Hempel 2013)
|2009-2014
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated a National Park in 2012 (EPA 2017)
|Since 2012
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Small-scale community-based tourism was promoted between 2009-2014 (Hempel 2013)
|2009-2014
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2017. [https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/did-sierra-leones-mudslide-uncover-forgotten-conservation-promise www.birdlife.org]<br>
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Western Area Peninsula Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/09/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Environment Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Sierra Leone’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026.<br>
Hempel, H. 2013. Final evaluation report of the Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve protection project. Welthungerhilfe, Bonn.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 18/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>