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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[West Africa]] > [[Senegal]] > [[Bantankiline]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|12.433008, -11.965861~[[Bantankiline]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Bantankiline.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of XXXX km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
This unprotected area is located in the Kedougou region, around 30 km from the Niokolo Koba National Park (PNNK) in south-eastern Senegal. Bantankiline is close to the village of Marougounding near the hamlet of Fongoli, home to the only group of chimpanzees in Senegal accustomed to human presence (Pruetz et al., 2008).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|-
|Coordinates
|12.433008, -11.965861
|-
|Designation
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Savanna, subtropical/tropical dry forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results →
Surveys have taken place in the site between July and October 2018 and between October 2020 and October 2021. During these surveys, a total of 809 chimpanzee nests were recorded while walking a total distance of 155.1 km distributed along 37 recce transects, which averaged 4.19 km per transect (Diallo et al. 2022).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2020-2021
|
|
|
|Bantankiline
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Diallo et al. 2022
|181 nests recorded in 2020; 256 nests recorded in 2021
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2018
|
|
|
|Bantankiline
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|372 nests recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Key indirect threats to chimpanzees in the area include deforestation linked to wood for carpentry and construction, consolidation of gold pits, charcoal production, transhumance. Artisanal gold panning is not yet very present in the area, but the risk of this process accelerating is high. Deforestation is currently very marked in Bantankiline. The main causes are charcoal production and the use of wood to consolidate gold pits, commonly known as "Diouras" in the local language. The trees are cut right down to the level of the forest galleries that form the heart of the chimpanzees' nesting sites. Diallo (2018) had counted and geolocated several tree trunks cut by loggers along the forest galleries of Bantankiline. We found that, in general, the plant species targeted by loggers are also very often used by chimpanzees for nesting. These are mainly Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Diospyros mespiliformis. These species are therefore important for chimpanzee-nesting in Senegal.
An anthropogenic factor that has been accelerating in recent years and is having a very negative impact on chimpanzee habitats in Senegal is transhumance. Transhumants cut down plants that have a high fodder value, even if they are located in chimpanzee habitats (gallery forests, plateau ledges, hills, migration corridors, etc.). The species most targeted for livestock feed are P. erinaceus, Ficus sp. and K. senegalensis. Transhumant herders move up into areas of difficult access, such as hills and forest galleries to exploit them.
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Medium
|
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Presence of transhumance (Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Medium
|
|Artisanal gold mining is at risk of increasing.
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Diallo B (2018). Étude du comportement de nidification du chimpanzé de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Pan troglodytes verus, à Bantankiline (Kédougou, Sénégal), mémoire de master en Écologie et Gestion des Écosystèmes, département de biologie animale/FST,34pp. <br>
Diallo D, Ndiaye PI, Badji L, Micheletti K, Diallo B, Pruetz JD (2022). Nidification du chimpanzé de savane (Pan troglodytes verus) dans la zone non protégée de Bantankiline (Kédougou, Sénégal), Bulletin Societe Royale Sciences Liege, 2022, 91(1), 84-104, doi :10.25518/0037-956.10926. <br>
Pruetz, J.D., Fulton, S.J., Marchant, L.F., McGrew, W.C., Schiel, M. et Waller, M. (2008). Arboreal nesting as anti-predator adaptation by Savanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in southeastern Senegal. American Journal of Primatology, 70:393– 401. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20508. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Dame Diallo''' Date:''' 06/07/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[West Africa]] > [[Senegal]] > [[Bantankiline]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|12.433008, -11.965861~[[Bantankiline]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Bantankiline.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of XXXX km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
This unprotected area is located in the Kedougou region, around 30 km from the Niokolo Koba National Park (PNNK) in south-eastern Senegal. Bantankiline is close to the village of Marougounding near the hamlet of Fongoli, home to the only group of chimpanzees in Senegal accustomed to human presence (Pruetz et al., 2008).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|-
|Coordinates
|12.433008, -11.965861
|-
|Designation
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Savanna, subtropical/tropical dry forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results →
Surveys have taken place in the site between July and October 2018 and between October 2020 and October 2021. During these surveys, a total of 809 chimpanzee nests were recorded while walking a total distance of 155.1 km distributed along 37 recce transects, which averaged 4.19 km per transect (Diallo et al. 2022).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2020-2021
|
|
|
|Bantankiline
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Diallo et al. 2022
|181 nests recorded in 2020; 256 nests recorded in 2021
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2018
|
|
|
|Bantankiline
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|372 nests recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Key indirect threats to chimpanzees in the area include deforestation linked to wood for carpentry and construction, consolidation of gold pits, charcoal production, transhumance. Artisanal gold panning is not yet very present in the area, but the risk of this process accelerating is high. Deforestation is currently very marked in Bantankiline. The main causes are charcoal production and the use of wood to consolidate gold pits, commonly known as "Diouras" in the local language. The trees are cut right down to the level of the forest galleries that form the heart of the chimpanzees' nesting sites. Diallo (2018) had counted and geolocated several tree trunks cut by loggers along the forest galleries of Bantankiline. We found that, in general, the plant species targeted by loggers are also very often used by chimpanzees for nesting. These are mainly Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Diospyros mespiliformis. These species are therefore important for chimpanzee-nesting in Senegal.
An anthropogenic factor that has been accelerating in recent years and is having a very negative impact on chimpanzee habitats in Senegal is transhumance. Transhumants cut down plants that have a high fodder value, even if they are located in chimpanzee habitats (gallery forests, plateau ledges, hills, migration corridors, etc.). The species most targeted for livestock feed are P. erinaceus, Ficus sp. and K. senegalensis. Transhumant herders move up into areas of difficult access, such as hills and forest galleries to exploit them.
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Medium
|
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Presence of transhumance (Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Medium
|
|Artisanal gold mining is at risk of increasing.
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Diallo et al. 2022, Diallo 2018
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bantankiline'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Diallo B (2018). Étude du comportement de nidification du chimpanzé de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Pan troglodytes verus, à Bantankiline (Kédougou, Sénégal), mémoire de master en Écologie et Gestion des Écosystèmes, département de biologie animale/FST,34pp. <br>
Diallo D, Ndiaye PI, Badji L, Micheletti K, Diallo B, Pruetz JD (2022). Nidification du chimpanzé de savane (Pan troglodytes verus) dans la zone non protégée de Bantankiline (Kédougou, Sénégal), Bulletin Societe Royale Sciences Liege, 2022, 91(1), 84-104, doi :10.25518/0037-956.10926. <br>
Pruetz, J.D., Fulton, S.J., Marchant, L.F., McGrew, W.C., Schiel, M. et Waller, M. (2008). Arboreal nesting as anti-predator adaptation by Savanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in southeastern Senegal. American Journal of Primatology, 70:393– 401. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20508. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Dame Diallo''' Date:''' 06/07/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->