Difference between revisions of "Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_SLE_Tingi_Hills_Forest_Reserve.png | 400px | thumb| right | Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve (Sierra Leone) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]]
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[[File: Map_SLE_Tingi_Hills_Forest_Reserve.png | 400px | thumb| right | Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve (Sierra Leone) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
  
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve.  
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve.  
 
* It has been estimated that 70 (CI: 22-213) individuals occur at the site.  
 
* It has been estimated that 70 (CI: 22-213) individuals occur at the site.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
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* There is a lack of information on conservation interventions implemented at the site.
 
* There is a lack of information on conservation interventions implemented at the site.
 
* The remote area is renowned for its batholiths.
 
* The remote area is renowned for its batholiths.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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The site is located in eastern Sierra Leone, close to the border with Guinea. It is characterized by steep forested hills, which include the second highest peak in Sierra Leone, the Sankan Biriwa, at 1860 m (Brncic et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2019). The site is an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tingi-hills-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]); more than 200 bird species have been recorded at the site, six of which are of global conservation concern, including the white-necked picarthes (BirdLife International 2019). Other species inhabiting the reserve include forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys'', BirdLife International 2019), and the endemic toad species ''Amietophrynus cristiglans'', commonly known as the Tingi Hills toad (EPA 2017).
 
The site is located in eastern Sierra Leone, close to the border with Guinea. It is characterized by steep forested hills, which include the second highest peak in Sierra Leone, the Sankan Biriwa, at 1860 m (Brncic et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2019). The site is an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tingi-hills-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]); more than 200 bird species have been recorded at the site, six of which are of global conservation concern, including the white-necked picarthes (BirdLife International 2019). Other species inhabiting the reserve include forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys'', BirdLife International 2019), and the endemic toad species ''Amietophrynus cristiglans'', commonly known as the Tingi Hills toad (EPA 2017).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|8.92 N, 10.79 W
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|8.92, -10.79
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
 
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Shrubland, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland, Savanna, Rocky Areas, Arable Land
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Shrubland, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland, Savanna, Rocky Areas, Arable Land
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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In 1979-1980, Teleki and Baldwin conducted a nationwide survey and reported high densities in Tingi Hills (Brncic et al. 2010). Decades later, in 2010, a line transect survey was conducted in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve, which estimated approximately 70 individuals in the area; however, a higher survey effort would be needed to reduce uncertainty in this population estimate (Brncic et al. 2010).
 
In 1979-1980, Teleki and Baldwin conducted a nationwide survey and reported high densities in Tingi Hills (Brncic et al. 2010). Decades later, in 2010, a line transect survey was conducted in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve, which estimated approximately 70 individuals in the area; however, a higher survey effort would be needed to reduce uncertainty in this population estimate (Brncic et al. 2010).
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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Footpaths are present throughout the reserve, and hunting signs were frequently encountered during the chimpanzee survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Bush fires are also a main concern, as they cause severe damage to the forest cover (BirdLife International 2019). The steep terrain offers protection to chimpanzees in the interior of the reserve, but the high demand for agricultural land means that farming is slowly reaching the steeper areas (Brncic et al. 2010).
 
Footpaths are present throughout the reserve, and hunting signs were frequently encountered during the chimpanzee survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Bush fires are also a main concern, as they cause severe damage to the forest cover (BirdLife International 2019). The steep terrain offers protection to chimpanzees in the interior of the reserve, but the high demand for agricultural land means that farming is slowly reaching the steeper areas (Brncic et al. 2010).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
 
|0.56 signs/km, includes snares, hunting camps, and guns (Brncic et al. 2010)
 
|0.56 signs/km, includes snares, hunting camps, and guns (Brncic et al. 2010)
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In 2010, it was reported that seven forest guards were undergoing training for deployment in the site (Brncic et al. 2010). However, further information on conservation activities has been reported; in fact, there may be no management plan for the area or immediate development plans (BirdLife International 2019).  
 
In 2010, it was reported that seven forest guards were undergoing training for deployment in the site (Brncic et al. 2010). However, further information on conservation activities has been reported; in fact, there may be no management plan for the area or immediate development plans (BirdLife International 2019).  
  
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges to ape conservation -->
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'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
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|-
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
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'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
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'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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===Relevant datasets===
 
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
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<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =

Latest revision as of 13:32, 29 July 2023

West Africa > Sierra Leone > Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Summary

  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that 70 (CI: 22-213) individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 118.85 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and slash-and-burn agriculture.
  • There is a lack of information on conservation interventions implemented at the site.
  • The remote area is renowned for its batholiths.

Site characteristics

The site is located in eastern Sierra Leone, close to the border with Guinea. It is characterized by steep forested hills, which include the second highest peak in Sierra Leone, the Sankan Biriwa, at 1860 m (Brncic et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2019). The site is an Important Bird Area (IBA); more than 200 bird species have been recorded at the site, six of which are of global conservation concern, including the white-necked picarthes (BirdLife International 2019). Other species inhabiting the reserve include forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys, BirdLife International 2019), and the endemic toad species Amietophrynus cristiglans, commonly known as the Tingi Hills toad (EPA 2017).

Table 1. Basic site information for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Area 118.85 km²
Coordinates 8.92, -10.79
Designation Non-hunting Forest Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Shrubland, Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland, Savanna, Rocky Areas, Arable Land

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 1979-1980, Teleki and Baldwin conducted a nationwide survey and reported high densities in Tingi Hills (Brncic et al. 2010). Decades later, in 2010, a line transect survey was conducted in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve, which estimated approximately 70 individuals in the area; however, a higher survey effort would be needed to reduce uncertainty in this population estimate (Brncic et al. 2010).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 70 (22-213) 0.59 (0.19-1.84) 1.91 Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve Line transects (Distance) Brncic et al. 2010 Total survey effort: 24.55 km

Threats

Footpaths are present throughout the reserve, and hunting signs were frequently encountered during the chimpanzee survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Bush fires are also a main concern, as they cause severe damage to the forest cover (BirdLife International 2019). The steep terrain offers protection to chimpanzees in the interior of the reserve, but the high demand for agricultural land means that farming is slowly reaching the steeper areas (Brncic et al. 2010).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High 22.5% of the vegetation along the 24.55 km of transect consisted of farms, farm bush, plantations, and vine forest (Brncic et al. 2010) Agricultural practices are a main threat in the reserve, causing forest clearance and erosion of the soil (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Low Mining is a potential long-term threat and takes places along the river in the south of the reserve (BirdLife International 2019) Ongoing (2019)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High 1.21 signs/km (Brncic et al. 2010) Footpaths present (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High 0.56 signs/km, includes snares, hunting camps, and guns (Brncic et al. 2010) Hunting signs present in the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High Bush fires occasionally cause severe damage to forest cover (BirdLife International 2019) Ongoing (2019)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

In 2010, it was reported that seven forest guards were undergoing training for deployment in the site (Brncic et al. 2010). However, further information on conservation activities has been reported; in fact, there may be no management plan for the area or immediate development plans (BirdLife International 2019).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site was designated a Forest Reserve in 1947 and Non-hunting Forest Reserve in 1973 (BirdLife International 2019) Ongoing (2019)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.


Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported


References

BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/09/2019.
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Environment Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Sierra Leone’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026.



Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 20/09/2019

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