Difference between revisions of "Grebo-Krahn National Park"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION
 
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
 
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
 
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.  
 
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.  
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_GreboKrahnNP_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Grebo-Krahn National Park (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
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-->
 
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> please add information to this site!
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]
  
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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+
<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.
+
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* The total chimpanzee abundance was 313 (95% CI: 186-449) in 2015.  
+
|5.66, -7.53~[[Grebo-Krahn National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
+
}}
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* This site has a total size of 971.36 km².  
+
</div>
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, as well as illegal mining and farming activities.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.  
−
* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns (including theater plays), and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.
+
* It has been estimated that 313 (CI: 186-449) individuals occur in the site.  
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
 +
* This site has a total size of 971 km².  
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.  
 +
* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
−
Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012).  In addition to the Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana cyclotis''), pygmy hippos (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'') (Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).  
+
Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012).  In addition to the western chimpanzee, several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippos (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).  
  
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Area:             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
|971.36 km²
 
|971.36 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation:     <!-- Protected area, Forestry concession, Community reserve   -->
+
|Coordinates
 +
|5.66, -7.53
 +
|-
 +
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.   -->
 
|National Park
 
|National Park
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types:   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
+
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
 
|}
 
|}
 
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
−
In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015).  
+
In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015). Based on two population surveys in 2005 (Kouakou et al. 2012) and 2014 (Kouakou et al. 2014), Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable chimpanzee population trend for this site.
  
−
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Grebo-Krahn National Park '''
+
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% Confidence Interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km2)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
 
! Method
 
! Method
Line 55: Line 63:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2005
 
|2005
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|present
+
|Present
 
|Grebo National Forest
 
|Grebo National Forest
−
|camera traps and recce
+
|Index survey
 
|Barrie et al. 2007
 
|Barrie et al. 2007
−
|nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
+
|Camera traps and reconnaissance walk, nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
−
|412 (CI: 216-787)
+
|412 (216-787)
−
|0.110 individuals/km2
+
|0.111
 
|
 
|
 
|Grebo National Forest
 
|Grebo National Forest
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Kouakou et al. 2012
 
|Kouakou et al. 2012
−
|survey effort: 178.21 km
+
|Total survey effort: 178.21 km
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2012
 
|2012
−
|352 (CI: 214-578)
+
|352 (214-578)
−
|0.10 individuals/km2
+
|0.10
 
|
 
|
 
|Grebo National Forest
 
|Grebo National Forest
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|Tweh et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2013
 
|2013
−
|341 (CI: 139-836)
+
|341 (139-836)
−
|0.289 individuals/km2
+
|0.289
 
|
 
|
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Kouakou et al. 2013
 
|Kouakou et al. 2013
−
|total survey effort: 51.5 km
+
|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2014
 
|2014
−
|247 (CI: 155-396)
+
|247 (155-396)
−
|0.161 individuals/km2
+
|0.161
−
|0.91 signs/km
+
|0.91
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Kouakou et al. 2014
 
|Kouakou et al. 2014
−
|total survey effort: 242.73 km
+
|Total survey effort: 242.73 km
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee 2015
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2015
 
|2015
−
|313 (CI: 186-449)
+
|313 (186-449)
−
|0.230 individuals/km2
+
|0.230
−
|1.01 signs/km
+
|1.01
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
 
|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
−
|transect survey
+
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Furnell  et al. 2015
 
|Furnell  et al. 2015
−
|total survey effort:  249.32 km
+
|Total survey effort:  249.32 km
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
−
Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (Garcinia spp.) harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).
 
  
−
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Grebo-Krahn National Park '''
+
Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (''Garcinia spp.'') harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).
 +
 
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 +
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
+
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
−
| low
+
|Low
−
|illegal settlements [3]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
| 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
| present
+
|Present
−
|farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park [3, 8]
+
|5 farms found in the site in 2016 (WCF 2017)
−
| ongoing
+
|Farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park (Furnell et al. 2015, WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|medium
+
|Medium
−
|mining activities have increased; in 2016, eco-guard teams came across 6 illegal mining sites [8]
+
|6 illegal mining sites in 2016 (WCF 2017)
−
|ongoing
+
|Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|high
+
|High
−
|logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites [3]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites (Furnell et al. 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|high
+
|High
−
|although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site [2, 8]
+
|In 2016, 13 bushmeat hunting tents, 7 animal traps, 8 gunshots, and 503 cartridges were detected (WCF 2017)
−
|ongoing
+
|Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
+
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
−
| high
+
|High
−
| harvest of chewing stick (roots of Garcinia spp. [8]
+
|204 chewing stick harvesting sites found in 2016 (WCF 2017)
−
|
+
|Harvest of chewing stick (roots of ''Garcinia spp.'' (WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|low
+
|Low
−
|logging [3]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Logging (Furnell et al. 2015)
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|6.3 Work & other activities
+
|6.3 Work & other activities
−
| high
+
|High
−
| human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick [8]
+
|
−
| ongoing
+
|Human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick (WCF 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|present
+
|Unknown
−
|Ebola virus disease was present in the counties of Grand Gedeh and River Gee, where the park is situated [9]
+
|
−
|2014-2016
+
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 202: Line 222:
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 208: Line 229:
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 214: Line 236:
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats list]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce a plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish-farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat.
+
The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat. In addition, the WCF is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a conservation corridor between Sapo National park and Grebo-Krahn National Park (WCF 2019).
−
<br>
 
  
−
'''Table 3: Conservation activities in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of activity        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
+
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
−
|a survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park [7]
+
|A survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park (WCF 2019)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
| 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
| forest guards of the Forestry Development Authority conduct poaching patrols [7]
+
|As part of the community eco-guard program, patrol missions are conducted (WCF 2019)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 +
|Community eco-guards remove snares during patrols (WCF 2019)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|
−
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
+
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
−
|community eco-guards remove snares during patrols [7]
+
|Trainings are conducted for new eco-guards (WCF 2019)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|
−
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
+
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
−
|trainings are conducted for new eco-guards [7]
+
|Starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols (WCF 2017)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|
−
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
+
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
−
|starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols [8]
+
|The WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat (WCF 2018); in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation (WCF 2019)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location
+
|6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location
−
|community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA [7]
+
|Community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA (WCF 2019)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
| absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
| absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
| absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
| 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−
|awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards [7]
+
|Awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards (WCF 2019)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
 
−
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 
−
|theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation [7]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 +
|Theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation (WCF 2019)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat  
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|Grebo-Krahn National Park was launched in 2018 [7]
+
|Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|
−
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
+
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
−
|demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities [7, 8]
+
|Demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities (WCF 2019, WCF 2017)
−
|ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
| absent
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
| 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
+
|Not reported
−
| the WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat [8]; in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation [7]
+
|
−
|ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
−
No information on impediments has been documented.
 
−
<br><br>
 
−
[[Impediments list]]
 
−
<br>
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities, and keyword list of documented behaviours -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 
  
−
No information on research activities has been documented.
+
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- Paragraph describing any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|}
  
−
<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
[1] Kouakou, C.Y., Vergenes, V., Dowd, D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. (2012) Report on the large mammals survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo, National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
+
Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. 2007. Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.<br>
−
[2] Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. (2007) Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.<br>
+
Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2015. Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
−
[3] Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. (2015) Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
+
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, V., V., Dowd D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2012. Large mammal survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation & the Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.<br>
−
[4] Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J.(2018) Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp.<br>
+
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2013. Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
−
[5] Kouakou, C.Y., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. (2013) Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
+
Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2014. Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
−
[6] Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. (2014) Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.<br>
+
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.<br>
−
[7] Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (2019) Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.<br>
+
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
−
[8] Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (2017) Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.<br>
+
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.<br>
−
[9] CDC (2017) 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak Distribution in West Africa. Online: https://www.cdc.gov<br>
+
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2018. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2017.<br>
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.<br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 25/03/19 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 30/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
<br><br>
 
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Latest revision as of 13:44, 29 July 2023

West Africa > Liberia > Grebo-Krahn National Park

Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Grebo-Krahn National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 313 (CI: 186-449) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • This site has a total size of 971 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.
  • Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.

Site characteristics

Located in southeastern Liberia, the site is part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, a biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority in West Africa (Kouakou et al. 2012). In addition to the western chimpanzee, several endangered species inhabit Grebo-Krahn National park, including Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), forest elephants (Loxodonta africana), pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), and Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana diana, Kouakou et al. 2012, Barrie et al. 2007).

Table 1. Basic site information for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Area 971.36 km²
Coordinates 5.66, -7.53
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 2012, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conducted the first complete survey of chimpanzees and other large mammals of the Grebo National Forest (Kouakou et al. 2012). The estimated abundance has remained relatively stable since then; the most recent survey estimated a total population of approximately 313 individuals in 2015 (Furnell et al. 2015). Based on two population surveys in 2005 (Kouakou et al. 2012) and 2014 (Kouakou et al. 2014), Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable chimpanzee population trend for this site.

Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Grebo-Krahn National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2005 Present Grebo National Forest Index survey Barrie et al. 2007 Camera traps and reconnaissance walk, nut-cracking sites and vocalizations
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 412 (216-787) 0.111 Grebo National Forest Line transects (Distance) Kouakou et al. 2012 Total survey effort: 178.21 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 352 (214-578) 0.10 Grebo National Forest Line transects (Distance) Tweh et al. 2014
Pan troglodytes verus 2013 341 (139-836) 0.289 Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects (Distance) Kouakou et al. 2013 Total survey effort: 51.5 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2014 247 (155-396) 0.161 0.91 Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects (Distance) Kouakou et al. 2014 Total survey effort: 242.73 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 313 (186-449) 0.230 1.01 Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve) Line transects (Distance) Furnell et al. 2015 Total survey effort: 249.32 km

Threats

Grebo-Krahn National Park is mainly threatened by illegal hunting, mining, and farming activities (WCF 2019). The park has also been highly threatened by chewing-stick (Garcinia spp.) harvesting, which developed into industrial-scale operations in some areas of the park (WCF 2017).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Grebo-Krahn National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas Low Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present 5 farms found in the site in 2016 (WCF 2017) Farming activities, including cocoa production in southern areas of the park (Furnell et al. 2015, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Medium 6 illegal mining sites in 2016 (WCF 2017) Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High Logging roads and paths leading to mining, farming, and logging sites (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High In 2016, 13 bushmeat hunting tents, 7 animal traps, 8 gunshots, and 503 cartridges were detected (WCF 2017) Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High 204 chewing stick harvesting sites found in 2016 (WCF 2017) Harvest of chewing stick (roots of Garcinia spp. (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low Logging (Furnell et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.3 Work & other activities High Human encroachment due to mining, hunting, farming activities, as well as harvesting of chewing stick (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Unknown
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The WCF has invested much effort in conservation activities in the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, including Grebo-Krahn National Park. In 2018 WCF worked alongside two theatre companies to produce plays aiming to sensitize the communities surrounding the park to issues of deforestation and wildlife protection (WCF 2019). The WCF also works together with Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) to systematically survey the park and collect signs of large mammals, as well as hunting and habitat disturbance signs. Sustainable fish farming has also been facilitated by the WCF to provide an alternative protein source to bushmeat. In addition, the WCF is evaluating the feasibility of establishing a conservation corridor between Sapo National park and Grebo-Krahn National Park (WCF 2019).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Grebo-Krahn National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land A survey conducted by the Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) and Multi-Agrosystems Promoters (MAP) identified top priorities for agricultural projects; the FDA is already working on developing sustainable cocoa farming with local communities outside the park (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols As part of the community eco-guard program, patrol missions are conducted (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Community eco-guards remove snares during patrols (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Trainings are conducted for new eco-guards (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols Starting in 2016, SMART data collection methods are being used during patrols (WCF 2017) Ongoing (2017)
5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms The WCF is supporting sustainable aquaculture activities in two communities next to the national park to increase revenues and supply an alternative to bushmeat (WCF 2018); in addition, farmers were trained in bee-keeping in 2018 by the Universal Outreach Foundation (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location Community eco-guards report any illegal settlements (e.g., bushmeat tents) that they come across to the FDA (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Awareness campaigns carried out by community eco-guards (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Theater plays to sensitize local communities to issues of wildlife protection and deforestation (WCF 2019) Ongoing (2019)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2019)
11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas Demarcation of national park boundary implemented in close collaboration with local communities (WCF 2019, WCF 2017) Ongoing (2019)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Grebo-Krahn National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported


References

Barrie, A., Zwuen, S., Kota, A.N., Lou, M. Sr, Luke, R. 2007. Rapid survey of large mammals of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests. In A Rapid Biological Assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests, Liberia (eds P. Hoke, R. Demey & A. Peal), pp. 59–64. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA.
Furnell, S., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergenes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2015. Report on phase 2 in the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (February-June 2015) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, V., V., Dowd D., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2012. Large mammal survey and monitoring of chimpanzees in Grebo National Forest, Liberia (February-August 2012) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation & the Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.
Kouakou, C.Y., Vergnes, Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2013. Report of the survey undertaken in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-March 2013) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
Kouakou, C.Y., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone Bi, I.B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., Boesch, C. 2014. Report on phase 1 in the proposed Grebo National Park (February-July 2014) Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire.
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2018. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2017.
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 30/08/2019

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