Difference between revisions of "Outamba-Kilimi National Park"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_SLE_OutambaKilimiNP.png | 400px | thumb| right |Outamba-Kilimi National Park (Sierra Leone) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
  
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
 
* It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.  
 
* It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
 
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
 
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, and habitat disturbance due to logging, cattle farming, and human settlements in the park.
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by intentional burning for agricultural activities and hunting, and mining.
 
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
 
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km2) and Kilimi (368 km2) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
+
Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km²) and Kilimi (368 km²) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 (Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
  
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|-
 
|-
 
| Coordinates
 
| Coordinates
−
|9.725154 N, -12.065119 W
+
|9.73, -12.07
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical lowland forest, moist savanna  
 
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical lowland forest, moist savanna  
 
|}
 
|}
−
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
−
<br>
 
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
 
The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting signs are still present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Many villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
+
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). However, there are no signs of an ongoing chimpanzee trade.
 +
Nowadays, the biggest threat to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by illegal mining and the intentional burning of areas. Hunting signs are present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
−
|High
+
|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|The number of villages located in both sections of the park is increasing (Brncic et al. 2010)
+
|A number of villages is located in both sections of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Low
 +
|
 +
|Small-scale subsistence farming and palm plantations (Kaiser pers. obs.)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 +
|-
 +
|
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|Present
 
|Present
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|Low
+
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|Gold mining starting in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
+
|Illegal gold mining activities in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
 
|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|Ongoing (2010)
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
 +
|Medium
 +
|
 +
|Signs of dam inside the park used for fishing activities (Kaiser pers. obs.)
 +
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
 +
|Medium
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Widespread zones of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) that degrade the forest edge (Kaiser pers. obs.)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2019)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
+
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
The site is a priority zone for the ([https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program]), which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The (https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project]) also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism. More information on conservation projects is lacking for this site.
+
Park guards funded by the government are stationed around the park to monitor and deter poaching and illegal mining. The site is a priority zone for the [https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program], which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project] also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism.
  
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|Not reported
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|
+
|Government funded park guards stationed around park to monitor illegal poaching and mining (Kaiser pers. obs.)
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
−
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011)
+
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011); discussion and showing camera trap images (PanAfrican Programme)
−
|2010
+
|2010, 2016/17
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
 
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
−
|Ongoing (2015)
+
|Since 1995
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme]) based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
+
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme] based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
+
 
 +
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 +
|-
 +
|Algae scooping
 +
|Kühl et al. 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Ant dipping
 +
|Kühl et al. 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Ant eating
 +
|Kühl et al. 2019
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Stepping sticks
 
|Stepping sticks
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|}
 
|}
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
−
<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019. <br>
+
Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52.<br>
−
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. <br>
+
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019.<br>
−
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112 <br>
+
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
−
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf  <br>
+
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455<br>
−
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf <br>
+
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112<br>
−
Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52. <br>
+
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf <br>
 +
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf<br>
 +
 
  
  
 
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<br>
−
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
'''Page completed by:''' M. Kaiser & A.P.E.S. Wiki team '''Date:''' 12/11/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
<br><br>
 
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Latest revision as of 13:45, 29 July 2023

West Africa > Sierra Leone > Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Summary

  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by intentional burning for agricultural activities and hunting, and mining.
  • Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.

Site characteristics

Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km²) and Kilimi (368 km²) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 (Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), Western red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), leopards (Panthera pardus), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Area 1109 km²
Coordinates 9.73, -12.07
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical lowland forest, moist savanna

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).

Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1983 49-60 0.3 Kilimi Index survey Harding 1984 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010 Reconnaissance walk
Pan troglodytes verus 1989 200-300 Present Outamba Unknown Alp 1989 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010 The population size was thought to be as high as 600-700
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 950 (615-1472) 1.21 (0.78-1.88) 8.9 (6.71-11.83) Outamba Line transects (Distance) Brncic et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 70 (22-246) 0.27 (0.08-0.90) 1.9 (0.61-6.41) Kilimi Line transects (Distance) Brncic et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 1020 (658-1596) 0.97 (0.62-1.51) Outamba-Kilimi Line transects (Distance) Brncic et al. 2010

Threats

The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). However, there are no signs of an ongoing chimpanzee trade. Nowadays, the biggest threat to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by illegal mining and the intentional burning of areas. Hunting signs are present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas Low A number of villages is located in both sections of the park (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Low Small-scale subsistence farming and palm plantations (Kaiser pers. obs.) Ongoing (2019)
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Present The northern part of Kilimi is used for cattle grazing (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High Illegal gold mining activities in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High High hunting intensity in the late 1960s and 1970s; hunting signs are still frequently found in the park (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources Medium Signs of dam inside the park used for fishing activities (Kaiser pers. obs.) Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises Present The park’s infrastructure was destroyed and conservation Activities were brought to a halt due to civil war (Munro 2015) 1991-2002
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High Annual burning affects a large proportion of the park (Brncic et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.2 Problematic native species/diseases Medium Widespread zones of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) that degrade the forest edge (Kaiser pers. obs.) Ongoing (2019)
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Park guards funded by the government are stationed around the park to monitor and deter poaching and illegal mining. The site is a priority zone for the STEWARD program, which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project] also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Government funded park guards stationed around park to monitor illegal poaching and mining (Kaiser pers. obs.) Unknown
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011); discussion and showing camera trap images (PanAfrican Programme) 2010, 2016/17
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015) Since 1995
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Challenge Source
Lack of trust and support from local communities Brncic et al. 2010
Lack of technical means Brncic et al. 2010

Research activities

Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the PanAfrican Programme based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park

Behavior Source
Algae scooping Kühl et al. 2019
Ant dipping Kühl et al. 2019
Ant eating Kühl et al. 2019
Stepping sticks Alp 1997
Seat sticks Alp 1997


References

Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52.
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019.
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf



Page completed by: M. Kaiser & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 12/11/2019

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