Difference between revisions of "East Nimba Nature Reserve"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_East_Nimba_Reserve.png | 400px | thumb| right | East Nimba Nature Reserve  (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.  
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{{#display_map: height=220px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|7.510000, -8.530000 ~[[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.  
 
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.  
 
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.  
 
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.  
 
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
 
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
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* The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea and Ivory Coast.
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* The site borders [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]] in Guinea.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
 
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|7.51 N, -8.53 W
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|7.51, -8.53
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
 
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
 
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.  
 
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.  
  
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'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
 
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (CILSS 2016)
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|Slash-and-burn agriculture around the park  (CILSS 2016) and potential of encroachment (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2016)
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|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|Present
+
|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016)
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|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016). Two old roads are present, but with low traffic (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2016)
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|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
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|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
 
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
 
|1974-2014
 
|1974-2014
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|High
 +
|
 +
|Collection of NTFPs; especially fruit trees (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
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|Low
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
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|Fires sometimes started by farmers and hunters near the site (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|
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|Ongoing (2023)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
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Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
+
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) have also contributed to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of a livelihood improvement project, CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange for a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
−
 
 
  
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|Not reported
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|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|
+
|FDA rangers and community eco guards conduct patrols (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
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|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−
|FFI and CI provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019)
+
|FFI, UNOPS and PAPFor provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019). In the past, CI also conducted this activity (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
|Ongoing (2019)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−
|CI recruits Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
+
|CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
  
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
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No information on research activities has been documented.
 
No information on research activities has been documented.
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
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'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
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'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
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−
<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
 
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
 
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
 
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 27/10/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
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Latest revision as of 07:15, 27 October 2023

West Africa > Liberia > East Nimba Nature Reserve

Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • This site has a total size of 135 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
  • Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
  • The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea.

Site characteristics

East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic (species) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), Nimba otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei), Nimba flycatcher (Melaenornis annamarulae) and Nimba toad (Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis).

Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Area 135 km²
Coordinates 7.51, -8.53
Designation Strict Nature Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.

Table 2. Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 28 East Nimba Nature Reserve Index survey WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017 ‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2010-2011 0.17 East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water) Index survey CI 2012 ‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2011-2012 Present East Nimba Nature Reserve Line transects (Distance) Tweh et al. 2014

Threats

Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Slash-and-burn agriculture around the park (CILSS 2016) and potential of encroachment (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016) 1969-1989
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Low Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016). Two old roads are present, but with low traffic (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013) Ongoing (2013)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016) 1974-2014
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High Collection of NTFPs; especially fruit trees (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises High Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016) 1989-1996, 1999-2003
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low Fires sometimes started by farmers and hunters near the site (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Absent
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a (joint project) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) have also contributed to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of a livelihood improvement project, CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange for a monthly stipend (CI 2016).

Table 4. Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols FDA rangers and community eco guards conduct patrols (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use FFI, UNOPS and PAPFor provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019). In the past, CI also conducted this activity (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016) Ongoing (2016)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019) Ongoing (2019)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

References

Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.
CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf
CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.
FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 27/10/2023

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