Difference between revisions of "Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION
 
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
 
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
 
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.  
 
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.  
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     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 +
[[File: Map_LBR_Lake_Piso_MUR.png | 400px | thumb| right | Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
-->
 
-->
−
> please add information to this site!
+
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve]]
  
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 +
<div style="float: right">
 +
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
 +
|6.678939, -11.245522~[[Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve]]~Western Chimpanzee
 +
}}
 +
</div>
  
−
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve.
+
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve.  
 
* The population size is unknown.  
 
* The population size is unknown.  
−
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
+
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
* This site has a total size of 972 km².  
 
* This site has a total size of 972 km².  
−
* Key threats to chimpanzees are pollution, logging, urban expansion, and hunting.
+
* Key threats to chimpanzees are pollution, logging, urban expansion, and hunting.  
−
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness campaigns.  
+
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness campaigns.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
−
The site is situated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is an important catchment area, with several streams and three rivers (Mafa, Mofe and Mawua) emptying into it (Sambolah 2007). Lake Piso has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2019), and a wetland of international importance (Ramsar 2003). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the reserve hosts several resident and migratory bird species (FFI 2015). The site has been protected since 2011 (The Analyst News 2018).
+
The site is situated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is an important catchment area, with several streams and three rivers (Mafa, Mofe and Mawua) emptying into it (Sambolah 2007). Lake Piso has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2019), and a wetland of international importance (Ramsar 2003). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the reserve hosts forest buffaloes ''Syncerus caffer'' and Bongos ''Tragelaphus eurycerus'', as well as several resident and migratory bird species (FFI 2015). The site has been protected since 2011 (The Analyst News 2018).
  
−
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve '''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Area:             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
|972 km²
 
|972 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation:     <!-- Protected area, Forestry concession, Community reserve   -->
+
|Coordinates
 +
|6.678939, -11.245522
 +
|-
 +
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.   -->
 
|Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve
 
|Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types:   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
−
| Subtropical/tropical moist lowland, subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level, subtropical/tropical swamp, subtropical/tropical moist montane, savanna, permanent rivers/streams/creeks, sandy shoreline and/or beaches, sand bars, spits, etc., coastal brackish/saline lagoons/marine lakes
+
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level, Subtropical/Tropical Swamp, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Savanna, Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks, Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand bars, Spits, etc., Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
 
|}
 
|}
−
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
+
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
−
Western chimpanzees are reported to still be present at the site (Sambolah 2007). However, there is a lack of data on chimpanzee abundance and status.
+
Western chimpanzees are reported to still be present at the site (Sambolah 2007, Tweh et al. 2014). However, there is a lack of data on chimpanzee abundance and status, so the population size and trend are unknown.
  
−
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve '''
+
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% Confidence Interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km2)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
 
! Method
 
! Method
Line 55: Line 64:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Western chimpanzee
+
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2004
 
|2004
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|present
+
|Present
−
| Lake Piso forest block
+
|Lake Piso forest block
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 
|Sambolah 2007
 
|Sambolah 2007
 
|19 observations of chimpanzees or signs of chimpanzees
 
|19 observations of chimpanzees or signs of chimpanzees
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2010-2012
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Present
 +
|Lake Piso forest block
 +
|Index survey
 +
|Tweh et al. 2014
 +
|Total survey effort: 2 days, indirect signs of chimpanzee presence (vocalization, but no nests, Junker pers. comm. 2019)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|2023
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Present
 +
|Lake Piso, Warkolor forest area
 +
|Index survey
 +
|Deh, J.J., pers. Comm. 2023
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
The main threats in the site are pollution (including solid waste, sewage disposal, and industrial pollution), hunting, and habitat destruction as a result of logging, agricultural expansion, road construction and urban expansion (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010).
+
The main threats in the site are pollution (including solid waste, sewage disposal, and industrial pollution), hunting, and habitat destruction due to logging, agricultural expansion, road construction and urban expansion (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010).
  
−
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve '''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 +
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
−
|present
+
|Present
−
| expansion of urban areas [6]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Expansion of urban areas (Spalding et al. 2010)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
| 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|present
+
|Present
−
| conversion of land to rice field [6] and farming [1]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Conversion of land to rice field (Spalding et al. 2010) and farming (Sambolah 2007)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|high
+
|High
−
|sand mining [1]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Sand mining (Sambolah 2007)
 +
|Ongoing (2007)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
| 4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|present
+
|Present
−
| construction of roads [6]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Construction of roads (Spalding et al. 2010)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
| 5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
| high
+
|High
−
| hunting pressure was especially high in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s [1]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Hunting pressure was especially high in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s (Sambolah 2007)
 +
|Ongoing (2007)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|high
+
|High
−
| overharvest of timber and fuelwood 1, 6]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Overharvest of timber and fuelwood (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010)
 +
|Ongoing (2007)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
 
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
−
|high
+
|High
−
| pressure on mangroves greatly increased during civil conflict, by displaced people who moved to coastal areas [6]
+
|
 +
|Pressure on mangroves greatly increased during civil conflict, by displaced people who moved to coastal areas (Spalding et al. 2010)
 
|1990-2003
 
|1990-2003
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
−
|high
+
|High
−
| burning of vegetation (savannah woodland) [1]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Burning of vegetation (savannah woodland, Sambolah 2007)
 +
|Ongoing (2007)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|present
+
|Unknown
−
| Ebola virus disease was present in the counties of Bomi and Grand Cape Mount, where the site is located, during the 2014-2016 epidemic (CDC)
+
|
−
|2014-2016
+
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
−
|high
+
|High
−
| sewage pollution [6]
+
|
−
|ongoing
+
|Sewage pollution (Spalding et al. 2010)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
−
|high
+
|High
−
| industrial pollution [6]
+
|
−
|ongoing
+
|Industrial pollution (Spalding et al. 2010)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
−
|high
+
|High
−
| solid waste disposal [1, 6], disposal of rotten fish [1]
+
|
−
|ongoing
+
|Solid waste disposal (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010), disposal of rotten fish (Sambolah 2007)
 +
|Ongoing (2010)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 160: Line 204:
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 166: Line 211:
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats list]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
Several projects have been funded by the Global Environmental Facility’s Small Grant Program (SGP) aiming to protect wildlife whilst providing sustainable alternative sources of income for the local people. These include, for example, projects promoting sustainable fishing practices (SGPa), as well as sustainable forestry community management (SGPb).  
+
Several projects have been funded by the Global Environment Facility’s Small Grant Program (SGP) aiming to protect wildlife whilst providing sustainable alternative sources of income for the local people. These include, for example, projects promoting sustainable fishing practices (SGPa 2019), as well as sustainable forestry community management (SGPb 2019). An ecolodge is currently being constructed in the Warkolor Forest, in the northern part of Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve; the presence of the ongoing construction and humans have reduced the presence of illegal activities in that part of the reserve (Deh, J.J., pers. Comm. 2023).
−
<br>
 
  
−
'''Table 3: Conservation activities in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve '''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−
!Year of activity        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|  
+
|Not reported
−
| absent
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
| 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−
| environmental education and awareness raising in nearby communities [1]
+
|1) environmental education and awareness raising in nearby communities (Sambolah 2007); 2) project implemented by Ecosanity Services Liberia to engage local communities in the management of waste and raise awareness on the negative impacts of pollution on the reserve (SGPc 2019)
−
| 2005-2006
+
|1) 2005-2006; 2) 2016-2017
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
| 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−
| project implemented by Ecosanity Services Liberia to engage local communities in the management of waste and raise awareness on the negative impacts of pollution on the reserve [10]
+
|Establish community forests (SGPa 2019)
−
| 2016-2017
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
| 10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
+
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
−
| create awareness on community forestry through local radio stations [8]
+
|Create awareness on community forestry through local radio stations (SGPa 2019)
−
| ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
| 10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
+
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
−
| information spread through posters, billboards, T-shirts to promote a sustainable community forest and create awareness implemented by Farmers Associated to Conserve the Environment [8]
+
|Information spread through posters, billboards, T-shirts to promote a sustainable community forest and create awareness implemented by Farmers Associated to Conserve the Environment (SGPb 2019)
−
| ongoing
+
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat  
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
| the site is classified as a multiple sustainable use reserve since 2011 [5]
+
|The site is classified as a multiple sustainable use reserve since 2011 (The Analyst News 2018)
−
|ongoing
+
|Since 2011
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|absent
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
+
|Not reported
−
| establish community forests [8]
+
|
−
| ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
−
No information on impediments has been documented.
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
−
<br><br>
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
−
[[Impediments list]]
+
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
<br>
+
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|}
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities, and keyword list of documented behaviours -->
+
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
No information on research activities has been documented.  
+
No information on research activities has been documented.
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- Paragraph describing any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve'''
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 +
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 +
|-
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|}
  
−
<br>
+
= References =
 +
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Piso (Cape Mount). Online: http://www.birdlife.org<br>
 +
Fauna & Flora of Liberia. 2015. Online: http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/research/sapo-conservation-centre/7653-lake-piso<br>
 +
Ramsar. 2003. Liberia joins the Ramsar Convention. Online: https://www.ramsar.org/news/liberia-joins-the-ramsar-convention<br>
 +
Sambolah, R.S. 2007. Biodiversity and environmental Impacts of Human Activities on the proposed Lake Piso Nature Reserve.Online: https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/face_lake_piso_report_2_.pdf<br>
 +
SGPa. 2019. Promoting Sustainable Fishery In The Lake Piso Basin Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve Without Reducing The Protected And Endangered Species To Maintain Their Population. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24555<br>
 +
SGPb. 2019. Promoting Sustainable Community Forestry Management in the Lake Piso Sustainable Multipurpose Use Reserve, Liberia. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=21597<br>
 +
SGPc. 2019.Preventing organic pollution of Lake Piso; a catalyst for clean environment. Online:  https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24550<br>
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Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. and Collins, L. 2010. World atlas of mangroves. Earthscan, London.<br>
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The Analyst News. 2018. YES Visits Lake Piso Multiple Use Reserve in Robertsport. Online: https://liberiananalyst.com/2018/11/14/yes-visits-lake-piso-multiple-use-reserve-in-robertsport/<br>
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Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
  
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= References =
 
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[1] Sambolah, R.S. (2007) Biodiversity and environmental Impacts of Human Activities on the proposed
 
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Lake Piso Nature Reserve.Online: https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/face_lake_piso_report_2_.pdf <br>
 
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[2] BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Piso (Cape Mount). Online: http://www.birdlife.org <br>
 
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[3] Ramsar (2003) Liberia joins the Ramsar Convention. Online: https://www.ramsar.org/news/liberia-joins-the-ramsar-convention <br>
 
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[4] Fauna & Flora of Liberia (2015). Online: http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/research/sapo-conservation-centre/7653-lake-piso <br>
 
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[5] The Analyst News (2018) YES Visits Lake Piso Multiple Use Reserve in Robertsport. Online: https://liberiananalyst.com/2018/11/14/yes-visits-lake-piso-multiple-use-reserve-in-robertsport/ <br>
 
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[6] Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. and Collins, L. (2010) World atlas of mangroves. Earthscan, London.<br>
 
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[7] CDC. 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak Distribution in West Africa. Online: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/distribution-map.html <br>
 
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[8] SGPa. Promoting Sustainable Fishery In The Lake Piso Basin Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve Without Reducing The Protected And Endangered Species To Maintain Their Population. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24555 <br>
 
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[9] SGPb. Promoting Sustainable Community Forestry Management in the Lake Piso Sustainable Multipurpose Use Reserve, Liberia. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=21597 <br>
 
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[10] SGPc. Preventing organic pollution of Lake Piso; a catalyst for clean environment. Online:  https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24550 <br>
 
  
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 03/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 26/03/19 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
 
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Latest revision as of 15:36, 5 November 2023

West Africa > Liberia > Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Summary[edit]

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 972 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are pollution, logging, urban expansion, and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness campaigns.

Site characteristics[edit]

The site is situated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is an important catchment area, with several streams and three rivers (Mafa, Mofe and Mawua) emptying into it (Sambolah 2007). Lake Piso has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2019), and a wetland of international importance (Ramsar 2003). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the reserve hosts forest buffaloes Syncerus caffer and Bongos Tragelaphus eurycerus, as well as several resident and migratory bird species (FFI 2015). The site has been protected since 2011 (The Analyst News 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Area 972 km²
Coordinates 6.678939, -11.245522
Designation Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level, Subtropical/Tropical Swamp, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Savanna, Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks, Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand bars, Spits, etc., Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

Western chimpanzees are reported to still be present at the site (Sambolah 2007, Tweh et al. 2014). However, there is a lack of data on chimpanzee abundance and status, so the population size and trend are unknown.

Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2004 Present Lake Piso forest block Unknown Sambolah 2007 19 observations of chimpanzees or signs of chimpanzees
Pan troglodytes verus 2010-2012 Present Lake Piso forest block Index survey Tweh et al. 2014 Total survey effort: 2 days, indirect signs of chimpanzee presence (vocalization, but no nests, Junker pers. comm. 2019)
Pan troglodytes verus 2023 Present Lake Piso, Warkolor forest area Index survey Deh, J.J., pers. Comm. 2023

Threats[edit]

The main threats in the site are pollution (including solid waste, sewage disposal, and industrial pollution), hunting, and habitat destruction due to logging, agricultural expansion, road construction and urban expansion (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas Present Expansion of urban areas (Spalding et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present Conversion of land to rice field (Spalding et al. 2010) and farming (Sambolah 2007) Ongoing (2010)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High Sand mining (Sambolah 2007) Ongoing (2007)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present Construction of roads (Spalding et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Hunting pressure was especially high in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s (Sambolah 2007) Ongoing (2007)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Overharvest of timber and fuelwood (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010) Ongoing (2007)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises High Pressure on mangroves greatly increased during civil conflict, by displaced people who moved to coastal areas (Spalding et al. 2010) 1990-2003
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High Burning of vegetation (savannah woodland, Sambolah 2007) Ongoing (2007)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water High Sewage pollution (Spalding et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
9.2 Industrial & military effluents High Industrial pollution (Spalding et al. 2010) Ongoing (2010)
9.4 Garbage & solid waste High Solid waste disposal (Sambolah 2007, Spalding et al. 2010), disposal of rotten fish (Sambolah 2007) Ongoing (2010)
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

Several projects have been funded by the Global Environment Facility’s Small Grant Program (SGP) aiming to protect wildlife whilst providing sustainable alternative sources of income for the local people. These include, for example, projects promoting sustainable fishing practices (SGPa 2019), as well as sustainable forestry community management (SGPb 2019). An ecolodge is currently being constructed in the Warkolor Forest, in the northern part of Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve; the presence of the ongoing construction and humans have reduced the presence of illegal activities in that part of the reserve (Deh, J.J., pers. Comm. 2023).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use 1) environmental education and awareness raising in nearby communities (Sambolah 2007); 2) project implemented by Ecosanity Services Liberia to engage local communities in the management of waste and raise awareness on the negative impacts of pollution on the reserve (SGPc 2019) 1) 2005-2006; 2) 2016-2017
10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management Establish community forests (SGPa 2019) Ongoing (2019)
10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness Create awareness on community forestry through local radio stations (SGPa 2019) Ongoing (2019)
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Information spread through posters, billboards, T-shirts to promote a sustainable community forest and create awareness implemented by Farmers Associated to Conserve the Environment (SGPb 2019) Ongoing (2019)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The site is classified as a multiple sustainable use reserve since 2011 (The Analyst News 2018) Since 2011
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities[edit]

No information on research activities has been documented.

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

References[edit]

BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Piso (Cape Mount). Online: http://www.birdlife.org
Fauna & Flora of Liberia. 2015. Online: http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/research/sapo-conservation-centre/7653-lake-piso
Ramsar. 2003. Liberia joins the Ramsar Convention. Online: https://www.ramsar.org/news/liberia-joins-the-ramsar-convention
Sambolah, R.S. 2007. Biodiversity and environmental Impacts of Human Activities on the proposed Lake Piso Nature Reserve.Online: https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/face_lake_piso_report_2_.pdf
SGPa. 2019. Promoting Sustainable Fishery In The Lake Piso Basin Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve Without Reducing The Protected And Endangered Species To Maintain Their Population. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24555
SGPb. 2019. Promoting Sustainable Community Forestry Management in the Lake Piso Sustainable Multipurpose Use Reserve, Liberia. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=21597
SGPc. 2019.Preventing organic pollution of Lake Piso; a catalyst for clean environment. Online: https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=24550
Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. and Collins, L. 2010. World atlas of mangroves. Earthscan, London.
The Analyst News. 2018. YES Visits Lake Piso Multiple Use Reserve in Robertsport. Online: https://liberiananalyst.com/2018/11/14/yes-visits-lake-piso-multiple-use-reserve-in-robertsport/
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 03/11/2023

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