Difference between revisions of "Gunung Palung National Park"

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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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   1) Table structure cannot be changed
 
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   2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.  
 
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Gunung Palung National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Southwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii'') are present in Gunung Palung National Park.
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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* It has been estimated that 2,500 individuals occur in the site.
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* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
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* Ape taxa present  
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* The site has a total size of 1,080 km².
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* Ape population size
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* Key threats to orangutans are deforestation, fires, the illegal pet trade and killings due to orangutan-human conflict.
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* Ape population trend  
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* Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration, education, and improving farming methods.
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
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= Site characteristics =
 
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) is located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The park comprises many habitat types, including mangrove forest, peat swamp forest, lowland rainforest, and montane forest. The site represents an important area for the conservation of several species, such as Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus''), proboscis monkeys (''Nasalis larvatus''), sun bears (''Helarctos malayanus''), helmeted hornbills (''Rhinoplax vigil''), agile gibbon (''Hylobates agilis''), Sunda pangolin (''Manis javanica''), and Horsfield’s tarsier (''Tarsius bancanus'') (Husna & Helms 2018, GPOCP [https://savegporangutans.org/gunung-palung/about-gunung-palung/]). The park was first protected in 1937 and comprised an area of 300 sq. km, which was later expanded to 1,080 sq. km (Husna & Helms 2018).
  
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Gunung Palung National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|
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|1,080 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
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|
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| -0.938512, 109.960153
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
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|
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|National Park
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
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The first orangutan survey at the site was conducted in 2001 (Johnson et al. 2005). Average orangutan density was estimated at 3.0 individuals/km2, with densities ranging from 2.4 ind/km2 in montane forest to 4.1 ind/km2 in primary peat swamp (Johnson et al. 2005).
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Gunung Palung National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 54:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii''
 +
|2001
 +
|2,500
 +
|3.0
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Gunung Palung National Park and buffer zone
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|
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|
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|Johnson et al. 2005
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|
 
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|
 
−
|
 
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|
 
|
 
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Gunung Palung National Park'''
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
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!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|In areas near settlements and with low elevation, forests are converted to mixed agriculture, such as paddy farming or gardening. In hilly areas forests are converted into mixed plantations of rubber, durians, chilies, or other products (Husna & Helms 2018).
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|
+
|Ongoing (2018)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
 +
|Orangutans are sometimes killed when they venture into plantations or crop fields to forage. This human-wildlife conflict is magnified when orangutans flee from forest fires and move into human settlements (GPOCP n.d., Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017)
 +
|Ongoing (2017)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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|
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|High
−
|
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|The deforestation rate was 112 ha/year in 2017 and has declined since the late 90s (Husna & Helms 2018).
 +
|Illegal logging (Johnson et al. 2005, Fawzi, Husna & Helms 2018).
 +
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Fires in 1991, 1994, and 1997 burned thousands of hectares in the park and buffer zone (Johnson et al. 2005). Wildfires are hampering habitat restoration efforts (Fawzi et al. 2020).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2020)
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|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
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|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|
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|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 +
|12.1 Other threat
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Illegal pet trade; babies are sold as pets. Furthermore, a correlation between the extent of oil palm and the number of poaching/pet trade cases reported has been found (Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2017)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Gunung Palung National Park'''
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
−
|
+
|Help farmers adopt organic methods and increase the efficiency of their existing land ([https://savegporangutans.org/conservation/sl/ GPOCP]).
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
−
|
+
|Teaching community groups to set up aquaculture (fish farming) in their villages ([https://savegporangutans.org/conservation/sl/ GPOCP]).
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 +
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 +
|Activities include in-school programs, field trips to the National Park and our Bentangor Environmental Education Center ([https://savegporangutans.org/conservation/environmental-education/ GPOCP]).
 +
|Ongoing
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
−
|
+
|Conservation awareness raising via radio shows, social media, billboards, posters, and mobile cinema ([https://savegporangutans.org/conservation/conservation-awareness/ GPOCP]).
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 +
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas
 +
|From 2009 till 2018, nearly 5000 ha of damaged forest in Gunung Palung National Park were replanted, but with only a 1% restoration success rate, primarily due to wildfires (Fawzi et al. 2020).
 +
|Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
−
|
+
|Since 2007, Health In Harmony has partnered with Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI) and communities near Gunung Palung National Park. Health in Harmony provides access to affordable, high-quality health care, as much of the income people make from logging goes toward paying medical bills ([https://healthinharmony.org/rainforests-and-communities/ Health in Harmony]).
−
|
+
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Gunung Palung National Park'''
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
|
+
|Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
 
+
The Cabang Panti Research Station was established in 1985; the station lies deep within the national park and houses a variety of research projects, including the Gunung Palung Orangutan Project, which began in 1994 ([https://savegporangutans.org/research/research-objectives/ GPOCP ]).
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Gunung Palung National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Kiss-squeak with leaves: Using leaves on mouth to amplify sound, then drop leaf
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Kiss-squeak with hands: Using fists (like trumpet) or flathands on mouth to amplify sound
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Play nests: Building nest for social play (no resting occurs)
−
|
+
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Branch as swatter: Using detached leafy branches to ward off bees/wasps attacking subject (who is usually raiding their nest
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Snag crashing: Aimed pushing of dead standing trees
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Bouquet feeding: Using lips to pick ants from fistful of dry,fresh, or rotting leaves (nests)
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Nest destruction: Rummage through old orangutan nests for insects
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Females rubbing their genitals together
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Use leaf to clean body surface
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Sneaky nest approach: Building series of nests, while approaching conspecific in fruit tree
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Leaf bundle while sleeping (“doll”)
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 +
|-
 +
|Leaf scoop: Drinking water from the ground, using leaf as vessel (drinking straight from vessel)
 +
|Van Schaik et al. 2003
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
−
 
−
<br>
 
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Johnson A E, Knott C D, Pamungkas B, Pasaribu M and Marshall A J 2005 A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts Biological Conservation<br>
 +
Fawzi, N. I., Helms, J., Emerson, A., & Wibawanto, M. A. (2020). FOREST RESTORATION PROGRESS AND LESSONS LEARNED IN GUNUNG PALUNG NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 32(2), 195-205.<br>
 +
Fawzi, N. I., Husna, V. N., & Helms, J. A. (2018, May). Measuring deforestation using remote sensing and its implication for conservation in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 149, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing.<br>
 +
Freund, C., Rahman, E., & Knott, C. (2017). Ten years of orangutan‐related wildlife crime investigation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology, 79(11), 22620. <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''   Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 18/12/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
−
 
 
−
<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 10:55, 31 January 2024

Asia > Indonesia > Gunung Palung National Park

Summary[edit]

  • Southwest Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) are present in Gunung Palung National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 2,500 individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 1,080 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans are deforestation, fires, the illegal pet trade and killings due to orangutan-human conflict.
  • Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration, education, and improving farming methods.

Site characteristics[edit]

Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) is located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The park comprises many habitat types, including mangrove forest, peat swamp forest, lowland rainforest, and montane forest. The site represents an important area for the conservation of several species, such as Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), helmeted hornbills (Rhinoplax vigil), agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis), Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), and Horsfield’s tarsier (Tarsius bancanus) (Husna & Helms 2018, GPOCP [1]). The park was first protected in 1937 and comprised an area of 300 sq. km, which was later expanded to 1,080 sq. km (Husna & Helms 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Gunung Palung National Park

Area 1,080 km²
Coordinates -0.938512, 109.960153
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

The first orangutan survey at the site was conducted in 2001 (Johnson et al. 2005). Average orangutan density was estimated at 3.0 individuals/km2, with densities ranging from 2.4 ind/km2 in montane forest to 4.1 ind/km2 in primary peat swamp (Johnson et al. 2005).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Gunung Palung National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii 2001 2,500 3.0 Gunung Palung National Park and buffer zone Line transects (Distance) Johnson et al. 2005

Threats[edit]

Table 3. Threats to apes in Gunung Palung National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity unknown In areas near settlements and with low elevation, forests are converted to mixed agriculture, such as paddy farming or gardening. In hilly areas forests are converted into mixed plantations of rubber, durians, chilies, or other products (Husna & Helms 2018). Ongoing (2018)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown Orangutans are sometimes killed when they venture into plantations or crop fields to forage. This human-wildlife conflict is magnified when orangutans flee from forest fires and move into human settlements (GPOCP n.d., Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017) Ongoing (2017)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High The deforestation rate was 112 ha/year in 2017 and has declined since the late 90s (Husna & Helms 2018). Illegal logging (Johnson et al. 2005, Fawzi, Husna & Helms 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Present, but threat severity unknown Fires in 1991, 1994, and 1997 burned thousands of hectares in the park and buffer zone (Johnson et al. 2005). Wildfires are hampering habitat restoration efforts (Fawzi et al. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options 12.1 Other threat Present, but threat severity unknown Illegal pet trade; babies are sold as pets. Furthermore, a correlation between the extent of oil palm and the number of poaching/pet trade cases reported has been found (Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017) Ongoing (2017)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

Table 4. Conservation activities in Gunung Palung National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land Help farmers adopt organic methods and increase the efficiency of their existing land (GPOCP). Ongoing
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms Teaching community groups to set up aquaculture (fish farming) in their villages (GPOCP). Ongoing
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Activities include in-school programs, field trips to the National Park and our Bentangor Environmental Education Center (GPOCP). Ongoing
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Conservation awareness raising via radio shows, social media, billboards, posters, and mobile cinema (GPOCP). Ongoing
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat Ongoing (2020)
11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas From 2009 till 2018, nearly 5000 ha of damaged forest in Gunung Palung National Park were replanted, but with only a 1% restoration success rate, primarily due to wildfires (Fawzi et al. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) Since 2007, Health In Harmony has partnered with Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI) and communities near Gunung Palung National Park. Health in Harmony provides access to affordable, high-quality health care, as much of the income people make from logging goes toward paying medical bills (Health in Harmony). Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Gunung Palung National Park

Challenge Source
Lack of law enforcement Freund, Rahnmann & Knott 2017

Research activities[edit]

The Cabang Panti Research Station was established in 1985; the station lies deep within the national park and houses a variety of research projects, including the Gunung Palung Orangutan Project, which began in 1994 (GPOCP ).

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Gunung Palung National Park

Behavior Source
Kiss-squeak with leaves: Using leaves on mouth to amplify sound, then drop leaf Van Schaik et al. 2003
Kiss-squeak with hands: Using fists (like trumpet) or flathands on mouth to amplify sound Van Schaik et al. 2003
Play nests: Building nest for social play (no resting occurs) Van Schaik et al. 2003
Branch as swatter: Using detached leafy branches to ward off bees/wasps attacking subject (who is usually raiding their nest Van Schaik et al. 2003
Snag crashing: Aimed pushing of dead standing trees Van Schaik et al. 2003
Bouquet feeding: Using lips to pick ants from fistful of dry,fresh, or rotting leaves (nests) Van Schaik et al. 2003
Nest destruction: Rummage through old orangutan nests for insects Van Schaik et al. 2003
Females rubbing their genitals together Van Schaik et al. 2003
Use leaf to clean body surface Van Schaik et al. 2003
Sneaky nest approach: Building series of nests, while approaching conspecific in fruit tree Van Schaik et al. 2003
Leaf bundle while sleeping (“doll”) Van Schaik et al. 2003
Leaf scoop: Drinking water from the ground, using leaf as vessel (drinking straight from vessel) Van Schaik et al. 2003


References[edit]

Johnson A E, Knott C D, Pamungkas B, Pasaribu M and Marshall A J 2005 A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts Biological Conservation
Fawzi, N. I., Helms, J., Emerson, A., & Wibawanto, M. A. (2020). FOREST RESTORATION PROGRESS AND LESSONS LEARNED IN GUNUNG PALUNG NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 32(2), 195-205.
Fawzi, N. I., Husna, V. N., & Helms, J. A. (2018, May). Measuring deforestation using remote sensing and its implication for conservation in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 149, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing.
Freund, C., Rahman, E., & Knott, C. (2017). Ten years of orangutan‐related wildlife crime investigation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology, 79(11), 22620.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 18/12/2021

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