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no edit summary
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bafing'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviors=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bafing'''
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Bafing'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
|}
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bafing'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|28
|29.2
|29.1
|29.5
|30.9
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1083
|1099
|1058
|1045
|985
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|112.4
|111.1
|119
|116.1
|119.7
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|2.6
|4
|4
|3.9
|3
|-
|}
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bafing'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|6
|0.01
|2
|0.01
|4.5
|0.01
|11
|0.01
|-
|Drought
|1
|50
|1
|75
|0.25
|25
|2.25
|100
|-
|Heatwave
|0.5
|50
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|50
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.25
|0.02
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|1.09
|30
|1.06
|29
|0.97
|29
|1.28
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bafing.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bafing]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bafing.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bafing]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
= References =
Duvall C S. 2008. Human settlement ecology and chimpanzee habitat selection in Mali. Landscape Ecology 23: 699-716.<br>
Duvall C S. 2008. Human settlement ecology and chimpanzee habitat selection in Mali. Landscape Ecology 23: 699-716.<br>
Granier N., Martinez L. 2004. Première reconnaissance des chimpanzés ''Pan troglodytes verus'' dans la zone transfontalière entre la Gunée et le Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest). Primatologie 6: 423-447.<br>
Granier N., Martinez L. 2004. Première reconnaissance des chimpanzés ''Pan troglodytes verus'' dans la zone transfontalière entre la Gunée et le Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest). Primatologie 6: 423-447.<br>
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Kormos R, Boesch C, Bakarr M I, Butynski T. (eds.). 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Switzerland and UK.<br>
Kormos R, Boesch C, Bakarr M I, Butynski T. (eds.). 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Switzerland and UK.<br>
Kortlandt A 1983. Marginal habitats of chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution: 12 231–278.<br>
Kortlandt A 1983. Marginal habitats of chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution: 12 231–278.<br>