Difference between revisions of "Bakossi National Park"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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   1) Table structure cannot be changed
 
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   2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.  
 
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Bakossi National Park]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|5.069109, 9.586158~[[Bakossi National Park]]~Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee
 +
}}
 +
</div>
 +
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Bakossi National Park.
 +
* The population size is unknown.
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 293km².
 +
* Chimpanzees are mainly threatened by hunting.
 +
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 +
* The site is part of the [[Bakossi Landscape Area]].
  
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* Ape taxa present
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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* Ape population size
 
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
 +
Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The altitude in the park ranges from 300m to 1895 m above sea level, giving  rise  to  three  main  vegetation  types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of  the  North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a  high  level  of  endemism, and  a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Enukwa et al. 2022).
 +
The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''). Other primates include Preuss’s red colobus, red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, putty-nosed monkey, mona monkey and other important mammals like blue duikers, red river hog, red-fronted duiker, black-fronted duikers, sitatunga, and long-tailed pangolin ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
 +
The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
  
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= Site characteristics =
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park'''
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−
 
 
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
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−
 
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|
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|293 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coordinates
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|Coordinates
−
|
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|5.069109, 9.586158
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Designation
−
|
+
|National Park
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
−
|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
  
 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
 +
In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Enukwa et al. 2022).
  
−
This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bakossi National Park'''
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−
 
 
−
 
 
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 62:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2022
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|1.2
−
|
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|Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2
−
|
+
|Index survey
−
|
+
|Enukwa et al. 2022
−
|
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|Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nests 0.9 per km, and feeding signs 0.3 per km
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bakossi National Park'''
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
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−
 
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
+
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 +
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
| An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
+
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bakossi National Park'''
−
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|
+
|The park was established in 2007.
−
|
+
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park'''
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
 
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bakossi National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
|
 
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|25.3
 +
|26.4
 +
|26.3
 +
|26.6
 +
|27.6
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|2566
 +
|2672
 +
|2686
 +
|2749
 +
|2756
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|36.5
 +
|29.3
 +
|34.4
 +
|32.6
 +
|36
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|6
 +
|8.2
 +
|8
 +
|9
 +
|8.9
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park'''
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|0.33
 +
|4
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|0.13
 +
|5.5
 +
|0.01
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|8
 +
|100
 +
|7
 +
|100
 +
|7.5
 +
|100
 +
|10.5
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|2.5
 +
|0.7
 +
|1
 +
|0.86
 +
|1.5
 +
|2.05
 +
|5
 +
|1.81
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.63
 +
|30
 +
|0.65
 +
|29
 +
|0.63
 +
|29
 +
|0.66
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
<br>
+
<div><ul>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li>
 +
</ul></div>
  
 +
=External links=
 +
[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF Bakossi NP]
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
 
+
Enukwa, E. H., Augustine, M. A., Ndumbe, L. N., & Namuene, K. S. (2022). Cameroon-Nigeria Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti Matschie, 1914) distribution and habitat affinities in Bakossi National Park. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 6(3), 1-11. <br>
−
 
+
BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.<br>
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Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
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Latest revision as of 03:52, 7 March 2024

Central Africa > Cameroon > Bakossi National Park

Summary[edit]

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  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Bakossi National Park.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 293km².
  • Chimpanzees are mainly threatened by hunting.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site is part of the Bakossi Landscape Area.

Site characteristics[edit]

Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The altitude in the park ranges from 300m to 1895 m above sea level, giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Enukwa et al. 2022). The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Other primates include Preuss’s red colobus, red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, putty-nosed monkey, mona monkey and other important mammals like blue duikers, red river hog, red-fronted duiker, black-fronted duikers, sitatunga, and long-tailed pangolin (WWF). The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation (WWF).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park

Area 293 km²
Coordinates 5.069109, 9.586158
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status[edit]

In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Enukwa et al. 2022).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bakossi National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2022 1.2 Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2 Index survey Enukwa et al. 2022 Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nests 0.9 per km, and feeding signs 0.3 per km

Threats[edit]

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bakossi National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present, but threat severity unknown An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities[edit]

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bakossi National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The park was established in 2007. 2007-Ongoing (2023)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges[edit]

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities[edit]

Documented behaviours[edit]

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bakossi National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts[edit]

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 25.3 26.4 26.3 26.6 27.6
Annual precipitation [mm] 2566 2672 2686 2749 2756
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 36.5 29.3 34.4 32.6 36
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6 8.2 8 9 8.9


Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 0.33 4 0 0.5 0.13 5.5 0.01
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 8 100 7 100 7.5 100 10.5 100
River flood 2.5 0.7 1 0.86 1.5 2.05 5 1.81
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.63 30 0.65 29 0.63 29 0.66
  • Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park

External links[edit]

WWF Bakossi NP

References[edit]

Enukwa, E. H., Augustine, M. A., Ndumbe, L. N., & Namuene, K. S. (2022). Cameroon-Nigeria Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti Matschie, 1914) distribution and habitat affinities in Bakossi National Park. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 6(3), 1-11.
BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:13/05/2023

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