Difference between revisions of "Marahoué National Park"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_CIV_MarahouéNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | (Côte d’Ivoire) Marahoué National Park © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
  
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.  
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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|7.11, -6.02~[[Marahoué National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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}}
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.  
 
* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².  
 
* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².  
 
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
 
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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[[Image:marahoue.jpg|left|thumb|Marahoué National Park]]
 
 
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou.  Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
 
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou.  Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|-
 
|-
 
| Coordinates
 
| Coordinates
−
|7.11 N, -6.02 W
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|7.11, -6.02
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations
 
|Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
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<br>
 
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org  WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
 
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org  WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
  
−
 
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
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|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|1990
 
|1990
−
|1407 (weaned)
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|1407
 
|1.64
 
|1.64
 
|15.6
 
|15.6
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|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
 
|Marchesi et al. 1995
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|Total survey effort: 15 km
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|Total survey effort: 15 km, abundance estimate for weaned individuals
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2006
 
|2006
−
|< 50
+
|50
 
|
 
|
 
|0.01
 
|0.01
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|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N’Goran et al. 2006
 
|N’Goran et al. 2006
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|Total survey effort: 154.5 km
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|Total survey effort: 154.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2007
 
|2007
−
|< 50
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|0.03
 
|0.03
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|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
 
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
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|Total survey effort: 167.5 km
+
|Total survey effort: 167.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
 
Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
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|1.1. Housing & urban areas
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|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
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|2.3. Livestock Farming & Ranching
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|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
|Low
 
|Low
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4.1. Roads & railroads
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
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As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
 
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
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= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges to ape conservation -->
  
 
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded.  The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
 
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded.  The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Marahoué National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
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'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park'''
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'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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===Relevant datasets===
 
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
−
 
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<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =

Latest revision as of 12:55, 3 April 2024

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Marahoué National Park

Summary

Loading map...
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.
  • This site has a total size of 1,010 km².
  • Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.

Site characteristics

Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou. Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (Loxodonta africana), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).

Table 1. Basic site information for Marahoué National Park

Area 1,010 km²
Coordinates 7.11, -6.02
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation WCF in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 1990 1407 1.64 15.6 entire area Line transects (Distance) Marchesi et al. 1995 Total survey effort: 15 km, abundance estimate for weaned individuals
Pan troglodytes verus 2006 50 0.01 entire area Line transects (Distance) N’Goran et al. 2006 Total survey effort: 154.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Pan troglodytes verus 2007 0.03 entire area Line transects (Distance) N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008 Total survey effort: 167.5 km, abundance estimate is a maximum
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 0 0 entire area Line transects (Distance) WCF 2012 Total survey effort: 36.9 km

Threats

Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas High presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
2.3 Livestock farming & ranching Low signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High poaching widespread (WCF 2012) Ongoing (2012)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not applicable
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not applicable
3. Energy production & mining Not applicable
4. Transportation & service corridors Not applicable
5. Biological resource use Not applicable
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Not applicable
7. Natural system modifications Not applicable
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not applicable
9. Pollution Not applicable
10. Education & Awareness Not applicable
11. Habitat Protection Not applicable
12. Species Management Not applicable
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not applicable

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded. The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Marahoué National Park

Challenge Source
Corruption Denis 2015
Lack of government support Denis 2015
Lack of human resources Denis 2015
Lack of law enforcement Denis 2015
Lack of technical means Denis 2015

Research activities

As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.


Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported


References

Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881
Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).
Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.
N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: www.protectedplanet.net
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team Date: 16/10/2019

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