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= Direct threats =
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The list is based on the IUCN Threats Classification Scheme Version 3.3:
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* [[Poaching]]
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1 Residential & commercial development
 
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1.1 Residential areas
* [[Disease]]
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1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
 
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1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
* [[Habitat loss]]
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2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
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2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
* [[Agriculture]]
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2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
 
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2.1.2 Small-holder farming
* [[Logging]]
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2.1.3 Industrial farming
 
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2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
* [[Mineral resource extraction]]
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2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
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3 Energy production & mining
* [[Climate change]]
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3.1 Oil & gas drilling
 
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3.2 Mining & quarrying
= Indirect threats =
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3.2.1 Industrial mining
 
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3.2.3 Artisanal mining
* [[Global resource demand]]
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3.3 Renewable energy
 
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4 Transportation & service corridors
* [[Corruption]]
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4.1 Roads & railroads
 
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4.2 Utility & service lines
* [[War]]
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5 Biological resource use
 
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5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
* [[Poverty]]
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5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
 
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5.1.2 Unintentional effects
* [[Lack of funding]]
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5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
 
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5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
* [[Human population growth]]
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5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
 
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5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
* [[Lack of coordination in landscape use planning]]
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5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
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5.3.1 Subsistence logging
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5.3.2 Commercial logging
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6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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6.1 Recreational activities
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6.2 Conflict, civil unrest & security activities
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6.3 Other human disturbances
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7 Natural system modifications
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7.1 Fire & fire suppression
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7.2 Dams & water management/use
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7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
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8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
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8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
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8.2 Problematic native species
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8.3 Introduced genetic material
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8.4 Pathogens
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9 Pollution
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9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
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9.2 Industrial & military effluents
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9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
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9.4 Garbage & solid waste
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9.5 Air-borne pollutants
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9.6 Energy emissions
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10 Geological events
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10.1 Volcanoes
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10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamis
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10.3 Avalanches/landslides
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11 Climate change & severe weather
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11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
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11.2 Droughts
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11.3 Temperature extremes
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11.4 Storms & flooding
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12.1 Other threat

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