Governance types

The following categories are based on the IUCN Governance Types for Protected Areas (Borrini-Feyerabend et al. 2013).

• Governance by government

Includes federal or national ministry or agency in charge; sub-national ministry or agency in charge (e.g., at regional, provincial, municipal level); and government-delegated management (e.g., to an NGO).

• Shared governance

Includes transboundary governance (formal arrangements between one or more sovereign States or Territories); collaborative governance (through various ways in which diverse actors and institutions work together); and joint governance (pluralist board or other multy-party governing body.

• Private governance

Includes conserved areas established and run by:individual landowners, non-profit organisations (e.g., NGOs, universities), and for-profit organisations (e.g., corporate landowners).

• Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities

Includes indigenous peoples’ conserved territories and areas (established and run by indigenous peoples), and community conserved areas and territories (established and run by local communities).

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., N. Dudley, T. Jaeger, B. Lassen, N. Pathak Broome, A. Phillips and T. Sandwith (2013). Governance of Protected Areas: From understanding to action. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 20, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xvi + 124pp.