Difference between revisions of "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park"

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]]
 
[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]]
 +
 +
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' |
 +
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
| Species
 +
|'''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'', ''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 +
|-
 +
| Area
 
|321 km²
 
|321 km²
 
|-
 
|-
Line 39: Line 39:
 
| -1.017254, 29.671192
 
| -1.017254, 29.671192
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|National Park
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 +
|-
 +
|Governance type
 +
|Governance by government
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat type
−
|Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
  
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Line 55: Line 58:
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
 +
! Occurrence
 +
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 +
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
! Survey area
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
! Sampling method
−
! Area
+
! Analytical framework
−
! Method
 
 
! Source
 
! Source
 
! Comments
 
! Comments
Line 66: Line 71:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|1997
 
|1997
−
|292
+
|Present
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
+
|292
−
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
+
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Spatial mapping
 
|McNeilage et al. 2001
 
|McNeilage et al. 2001
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Line 77: Line 84:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2002
 
|2002
−
|320
+
|Present
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
+
|320
−
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
+
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Spatial mapping
 
|McNeilage et al. 2006
 
|McNeilage et al. 2006
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Line 88: Line 97:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2011
 
|2011
 +
|Present
 +
|
 +
|
 
|400
 
|400
 +
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²)
 +
|Genetic (dung/hair)
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
 
−
|Genetic capture-recapture
 
 
|Roy et al. 2014
 
|Roy et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
Line 99: Line 110:
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
 
|2018
 
|2018
−
|459
+
|Present
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|459
 
|Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem
 
|Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem
−
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|Spatial mapping
 
|Hickey et al. 2018
 
|Hickey et al. 2018
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 129: Line 141:
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 136: Line 147:
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 143: Line 153:
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|6.3 Other human disturbances
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
 
 
|Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
Line 164: Line 171:
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|8.4 Pathogens
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
Line 178: Line 183:
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|Absent
+
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 186: Line 190:
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 192: Line 195:
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
 
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+
|Present (unknown severity)
−
|
 
 
|Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018).
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
−
|12.1 Other threat
 
−
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Bwindi gorillas appear to crop-raid because of the availability of palatable foods at the
+
|Absent
−
edge of the park, not due to a lack of dietary items in the park (Hickey et al. 2018).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2018)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+
[[Threats]]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Line 215: Line 215:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description  
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization
 +
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|1. Development impact mitigation
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|3. Species health
 +
|3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring
 +
|The ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/where-we-work/ Gorilla Doctors]) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas.
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4. Education & awareness
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5. Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|The site was declared a National Park in 1991.
 +
|
 +
|1991-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Species management
 +
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|7. Economic & other incentives
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|8. Permanent presence
 +
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
[[Conservation activities]]
 +
 
 +
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 +
 
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Challenge
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1. Site management
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2. Resources & capacity
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|3. Engaged community
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4. Institutional support
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5. Ecological context
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|6. Safety & stability
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|}
 +
[[Challenges]]
 +
 
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
 +
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 +
!Enabler
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1. Site management
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|2. Resources & capacity
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
+
|Not reported
−
|The site was declared a National Park in 1991.
+
|
−
|Ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|3. Engaged community
−
|12.3. Guard habituated primate groups to ensure their safety/well-being
+
|Not reported
−
|The ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/where-we-work/ Gorilla Doctors]) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas.
+
|
−
|Ongoing
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|4. Institutional support
−
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
+
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|}
+
|5. Ecological context
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+
|Not reported
−
 
+
|
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
|
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6. Safety & stability
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
[[Enablers]]
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320708004175 Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
 
−
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043351.20129.44 Dietary Variability of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
 
−
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320709003139 Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas] <br>
 
−
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024689008159 Behavioral Ecology of Sympatric Chimpanzees and Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Diet] <br>
 
−
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.20539?casa_token=mxACZkqVXJMAAAAA:Po9D13Yk0RUvIc7Pmr_2hYFj3M_jNe1q062O-HpsOef6NB1tm1ML_ngZJGckxIqgzXN8GmDSSAXhQ1A9 Sleeping tree choice by Bwindi chimpanzees] <br>
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior
 
!align="left"|Behavior
Line 318: Line 366:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 +
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|16.6
 +
|17.8
 +
|17.5
 +
|17.9
 +
|19.1
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1272
 +
|1288
 +
|1422
 +
|1293
 +
|1411
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|19.4
 +
|28.4
 +
|28.9
 +
|31.6
 +
|25.8
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|5.6
 +
|6.9
 +
|8.1
 +
|7.5
 +
|9.5
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|5
 +
|0.28
 +
|4
 +
|0.72
 +
|5.5
 +
|0.38
 +
|6
 +
|0.18
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|1
 +
|1.98
 +
|3
 +
|2.77
 +
|1.5
 +
|1.74
 +
|3.5
 +
|2.88
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|1.11
 +
|30
 +
|0.88
 +
|29
 +
|1.13
 +
|29
 +
|0.75
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
<div><ul>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bwindi Impenetrable NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in xxxxxx]] </li>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bwindi Impenetrable NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in xxxxxx]] </li>
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</ul></div>
  
 
=External links=
 
=External links=
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[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
 
[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
 
[https://www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com/ Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda]<br>
 
[https://www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com/ Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda]<br>
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===Relevant datasets===
 
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311 <br>
 
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311 <br>
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Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 +
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 04:34, 2 July 2024

East Africa > Uganda > Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

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Summary

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  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) & Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are present in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 459 gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population size is unknown.
  • The gorilla population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 321 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are linked to high human presence, which poses some risk of disturbance and disease transmission.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism programs and regularly monitoring the health of habituated gorillas.
  • The park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site.
  • Mountain gorilla infant © Dirck Byler
  • Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler
  • Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler

Site characteristics

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is located in southwestern Uganda, on the edge of the Albertine Rift Valley. The area is one of Uganda's oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests, which dates back over 25,000 years (Uganda Wildlife Authority). Encompassing a series of steep ridges and valleys, Bwindi is the source of five major rivers, which flow into Lake Edward. The park is famous for being home to almost half of the world's mountain gorilla population (Uganda Wildlife Authority). The site is a designated Important Bird Area, with 347 bird species documented in the forest, including 23 endemic species to the Albertine Rift (BirdLife International 2020). Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a (UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site) in 1994.

Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Species 'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Gorilla beringei beringei
Area 321 km²
Coordinates -1.017254, 29.671192
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Governance type Governance by government
Habitat type Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

Types of sites ⋅ Governance types ⋅ Habitat types

Ape status

The park is home to one of the two subpopulations of mountain gorillas in the world, the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulation (Hickey et al. 2018). Increases in both the Virunga Massif and the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulations led to a change in the IUCN Red List classification from Critically Endangered to Endangered in 2018 (Hickey et al. 2018). In spite of this increase, the overall population size is still small.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla beringei beringei 1997 Present 292 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²) Reconnaissance walk Spatial mapping McNeilage et al. 2001 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Gorilla beringei beringei 2002 Present 320 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²) Reconnaissance walk Spatial mapping McNeilage et al. 2006 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
Gorilla beringei beringei 2011 Present 400 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (321 km²) Genetic (dung/hair) Roy et al. 2014
Gorilla beringei beringei 2018 Present 459 Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem Reconnaissance walk Spatial mapping Hickey et al. 2018 Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.

Sampling methods ⋅ Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species is not the target) Low Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance 6.3 Other human disturbances Present (unknown severity) Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.4 Pathogens High Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration Present (unknown severity) Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
12. Other options Absent

Threats

Conservation activities

The site is managed by the Uganda Wildlife Authority. The management of the site has developed ecotourism programs that support the livelihoods of local communities (UNESCO). Nine groups have been habituated for tourism; the first one was the Mubare gorilla group, since 1993. Conservation Through Public Health work on reducing human-gorilla conflicts in and around the park, and avoiding the transmission of diseases.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization Year of activity
1. Development impact mitigation Not reported
2. Counter-wildlife crime Not reported
3. Species health 3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring The (Gorilla Doctors) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas. Ongoing (2024)
4. Education & awareness Not reported
5. Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site was declared a National Park in 1991. 1991-Ongoing (2024)
6. Species management 6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers Ongoing (2024)
7. Economic & other incentives Not reported
8. Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities

Conservation implementation challenges and enablers

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Challenge Source Year(s)
1. Site management Not reported
2. Resources & capacity Not reported
3. Engaged community Not reported
4. Institutional support Not reported
5. Ecological context Not reported
6. Safety & stability Not reported

Challenges

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Category Enabler Source Year(s)
1. Site management Not reported
2. Resources & capacity Not reported
3. Engaged community Not reported
4. Institutional support Not reported
5. Ecological context Not reported
6. Safety & stability Not reported

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 16.6 17.8 17.5 17.9 19.1
Annual precipitation [mm] 1272 1288 1422 1293 1411
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 19.4 28.4 28.9 31.6 25.8
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 5.6 6.9 8.1 7.5 9.5

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 5 0.28 4 0.72 5.5 0.38 6 0.18
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
River flood 1 1.98 3 2.77 1.5 1.74 3.5 2.88
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 1.11 30 0.88 29 1.13 29 0.75
  • Precipitation anomaly in xxxxxx
  • Temperature anomaly in xxxxxx

External links

UNESCO Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda

References

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020.
Hickey, J.R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K.V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M.M. & Stoinski, T.S. (2018). Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T39999A17989719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39999A17989719.en
Roy, J., Vigilant, L., Gray, M., Wright, E., Kato, R., Kabano, P., Basabose, A., Tibenda, E., Kühl, H.S. and Robbins, M.M. (2014). Challenges in the use of genetic mark-recapture to estimate the population size of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Biological Conservation 180: 249–261
McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x
McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/01/2021

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