Difference between revisions of "Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve]]
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
 
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' |
 
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
 
  
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve is a tropical semi-deciduous forest. It is home to pangolins, duikers, and monkeys, among other species. The area also has a good forest but exploitation of the Forest and other activities are reducing the status of the forest cover (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve is a Tropical Semi-Deciduous Forest. It is home to pangolins, duikers, and monkeys, among other species. The area also has a good forest but exploitation of the Forest and other activities are reducing the status of the forest cover (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Species
+
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
−
|-
 
−
| Area
 
 
|31.4 km²
 
|31.4 km²
 
|-
 
|-
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|7.050600, -2.695950
 
|7.050600, -2.695950
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Type of site
+
|Designation
−
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
+
|Forest Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Governance type
+
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
−
|
+
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
−
|-
 
−
|Habitat type
 
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
  
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Occurrence
 
−
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 
−
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
 
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Survey area
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Sampling method
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Analytical framework
+
! Area
 +
! Method
 
! Source
 
! Source
 
! Comments
 
! Comments
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|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
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|2023
 
−
|Present
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve
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|
 +
|Bia Shelter Belt FR
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
 
  
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Description
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
 +
|
 
|Farmers and hunters get most of their livelihood from the Forest Reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Farmers and hunters get most of their livelihood from the Forest Reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
 +
|
 
|Part of the area was under timber concession until 2019. Illegal logging and collection of forest products are still taking place (since 1980s but intensified from 2005 up to date) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Part of the area was under timber concession until 2019. Illegal logging and collection of forest products are still taking place (since 1980s but intensified from 2005 up to date) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|2005-Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Low  
 
|Low  
 +
|
 
|Sometimes the forest catches fire and destroys part of the forest, which changes the structure of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Sometimes the forest catches fire and destroys part of the forest, which changes the structure of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
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|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
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|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
Forestry Commission staff undertake patrols within the forest and carry out conservation education in the communities on the best conservation practices. The Forestry Commission is making efforts to intensify protection by deploying reinforcement teams from Ghana Forest Rapid Response Teams to the area to support the protection of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
Forestry Commission staff undertake patrols within the forest and carry out conservation education in the communities on the best conservation practices. The Forestry Commission is making efforts to intensify protection by deploying reinforcement teams from Ghana Forest RAPID RESPONSE TEAMS to the area to support the protection of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
  
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description  
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Implementing organization
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Development impact mitigation
+
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|Wildlife staff and Forest Guards undertake patrols in the reserve to control illegalities (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Species health
+
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Education & awareness
+
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
+
|Not reported
−
|
 
−
|Conservation education is carried out by Wildlife staff (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
+
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.6 Habitat restoration
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−
|Enrichment planting is ongoing in the Forest Reserve and the trees are doing very well (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|Wildlife staff and Forest Guards undertake patrols in the reserve to control illegalities (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Species management
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Permanent presence
+
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|}
+
|9. Pollution
−
[[Conservation activities]]
 
−
 
 
−
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
−
 
 
−
Restrictions into Forest Reserves are not the same as for National Parks and Resource reserves; as a result, illegal offtake control has not been so effective and the increase of population and demand for resources for their livelihood has made effective conservation difficult. Inadequate staffing, bad roads, little field equipment, no survey equipment, lack of vehicles, inadequate funding etc. hampers protection  (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
−
!Challenge
 
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
−
|-
 
−
|1. Site management
 
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|10. Education & Awareness
−
|2.2 Lack of staff
+
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
+
|Conservation education is carried out by Wildlife staff (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|-
 
−
|2. Resources & capacity
 
−
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
 
−
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas
 +
|Enrichment planting is ongoing in the Forest Reserve and the trees are doing very well (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Ecological context
+
|12. Species Management
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Safety & stability
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
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|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Challenges]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
+
= Challenges to conservation = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
Restrictions into Forest Reserves are not the same as for National Parks and Resource reserves; as a result, illegal offtake control has not been so effective and the increase of population and demand for resources for their livelihood has made effective conservation difficult. Inadequate staffing, bad roads, little field equipment, no survey equipment, lack of vehicles, inadequate funding etc. hampers protection  (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
!Enabler
+
 
−
!Source
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
−
!Year(s)
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 +
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 +
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|Lack of human resources
−
|Not reported
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Lack of law enforcement
−
|Not reported
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Engaged community
+
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
−
|Not reported
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Institutional support
+
|Lack of logistical means
−
|Not reported
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Enablers]]
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior
 
!align="left"|Behavior
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= References =
 
= References =
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
+
 
−
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 09/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 09/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Revision as of 02:37, 22 July 2024

West Africa > Ghana > Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Summary

Loading map...
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The size of the site is 31.4 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.
  • Conservation activities have focused on education and patrols.

Site characteristics

Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve is a Tropical Semi-Deciduous Forest. It is home to pangolins, duikers, and monkeys, among other species. The area also has a good forest but exploitation of the Forest and other activities are reducing the status of the forest cover (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Area 31.4 km²
Coordinates 7.050600, -2.695950
Designation Forest Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

No recent survey has been conducted at the area but some farmers and hunters within the area claimed they have been spotting chimpanzees periodically in the Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus Bia Shelter Belt FR

Threats

In the past, around the 1990s, threats were not very serious, but the threats to the forest are now increasing along with the human population increase, which leads to the higher demand for resources. Poaching threat is medium in the core area of the reserve and more severe closer to towns, villages and farms; illegal logging is severe all over the Reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Illegal logging and some periodic spot burnings occur in the reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium Farmers and hunters get most of their livelihood from the Forest Reserve (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Part of the area was under timber concession until 2019. Illegal logging and collection of forest products are still taking place (since 1980s but intensified from 2005 up to date) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low Sometimes the forest catches fire and destroys part of the forest, which changes the structure of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Forestry Commission staff undertake patrols within the forest and carry out conservation education in the communities on the best conservation practices. The Forestry Commission is making efforts to intensify protection by deploying reinforcement teams from Ghana Forest RAPID RESPONSE TEAMS to the area to support the protection of the forest (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Wildlife staff and Forest Guards undertake patrols in the reserve to control illegalities (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Conservation education is carried out by Wildlife staff (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat Ongoing (2023)
11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas Enrichment planting is ongoing in the Forest Reserve and the trees are doing very well (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges to conservation

Restrictions into Forest Reserves are not the same as for National Parks and Resource reserves; as a result, illegal offtake control has not been so effective and the increase of population and demand for resources for their livelihood has made effective conservation difficult. Inadequate staffing, bad roads, little field equipment, no survey equipment, lack of vehicles, inadequate funding etc. hampers protection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Challenge Source
Lack of human resources Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of law enforcement Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of trust and support from local communities Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of logistical means Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023

Research activities

Periodic research by the Forestry Commission, NGOs and others take place in the Forest Reserve.

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Shelter Belt Forest Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

Ghana Forestry Commission

References


Page completed by: Richard Ofori-Amanfo Date: 09/11/2023

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