Difference between revisions of "Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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   3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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   1) Table structure cannot be changed
 
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   2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.  
 
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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
−
    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
 
 
-->
 
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 +
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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+
<div style="float: right">
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
 +
|5.357767, 9.609717~[[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]~Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee
 +
}}
 +
</div>
 +
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
 +
* The population size is unknown.
 +
* The population trend is decreasing.
 +
* The site has a total size of 640 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, logging, and agricultural encroachment .
 +
* Conservation activities are not documented.
  
−
* Ape taxa present
+
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
−
* Ape population size
 
−
* Ape population trend
 
−
* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
−
* Key threats to apes are ...
 
−
* Additional information
 
  
 +
Established in 1996, Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary (BMWS) is situated between [[Korup National Park]] to the west and Santchou Wildlife Reserve to the east. With 322 bird species recorded, the site is an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees, mandrills, and forest elephants are present in BMWS. The population of forest elephants has been significantly reduced by poaching. BMWS falls naturally into two sections: the northern block where the terrain is mostly flat, and a mountainous southern block, which includes a small part of the Bakossi mountains (BirdLife International 2020).
  
−
= Site characteristics =
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha   -->
+
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|
+
|640 km²
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coordinates
+
|Coordinates
−
|
+
|5.357767, 9.609717
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation     <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Designation
−
|
+
|Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
−
|
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
 
|}
 
|}
−
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]   [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−
<br>
 
  
 +
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
 +
There was a notable decrease in the relative populations of chimpanzees in the site between 2007 and 2014; concurrently, there was a significant rise in hunting trail density within the BMWS during that period (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
  
−
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 72: Line 59:
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
! A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2007
 +
|500-1000
 
|
 
|
 +
|1.793
 +
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
 +
|Line transects (Distance)
 +
|Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024
 +
|Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects)
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2013-2014
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|0.129
−
|
+
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
−
|
+
|Line transects (Distance)
−
|
+
|Kupsch & Bobo 2024
−
|
+
|Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects)
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
 +
The site is mainly threatened by logging, hunting and agricultural encroachment, and there are a number of villages found legally within the sanctuary boundaries (BirdLife International 2020). A study (Kupsch & Bobo 2024) found that the threatening situation for wildlife in the site, especially for elephants and primates, points to high poaching pressure between 2007 and 2014. The abundances of these species as well as of duikers are now almost similar to the low levels in [[Korup National Park]]. This is supported by the notable increase in encounter rates of hunting trails in BMWS, similar to the high rates observed in [[Korup National Park]].
  
−
This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
+
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|A number of villages are found within the boundaries of the site, lawfully (BirdLife International 2020).
−
|
+
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020).
−
|
+
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 122: Line 118:
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 128: Line 124:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 +
|1.962 hunting trail/km
 +
|Presence of hunting trails (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
 +
|2007
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 +
|2.867 hunting trail/km
 +
|Presence of hunting trails (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
 +
|2014
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High
 
|
 
|
 +
|Commercial poaching (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020); hunting trails increased between 2007 and 2014, and hunting is ongoing (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
 +
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020).
 +
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 143: Line 160:
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 150: Line 167:
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 157: Line 174:
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 164: Line 181:
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|10. Geological Events
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
+
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 178: Line 195:
 
|12. Other options
 
|12. Other options
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 186: Line 203:
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|7. Natural system modifications
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|
+
|The Wildlife Sanctuary was created in 1996 ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/]).
−
|
+
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
 
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 270: Line 280:
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
 +
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
−
 
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
 
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
 
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−
 
−
 
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
 
−
 
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
|
 
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|23.7
 +
|24.8
 +
|24.7
 +
|24.9
 +
|26
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|2316
 +
|2399
 +
|2414
 +
|2475
 +
|2472
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|40.7
 +
|31.7
 +
|35.9
 +
|34.5
 +
|38.8
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|6.1
 +
|6.5
 +
|6.1
 +
|7
 +
|7.2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|0.41
 +
|3.5
 +
|0.57
 +
|2.5
 +
|0.12
 +
|4.5
 +
|0.14
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|2
 +
|100
 +
|1.5
 +
|100
 +
|2
 +
|100
 +
|3
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|2.5
 +
|1.23
 +
|1.75
 +
|0.2
 +
|2
 +
|0.81
 +
|5.25
 +
|1.72
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.67
 +
|30
 +
|0.68
 +
|29
 +
|0.66
 +
|29
 +
|0.69
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
<br>
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<div><ul>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Banyang-Mbo WS.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] </li>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Banyang-Mbo WS.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] </li>
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</ul></div>
  
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=External links=
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[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/ WWF Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020. <br>
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Greengrass, E. J., & Maisels, F. (2007). Conservation of the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee P. t. vellerosus, (and other mammals) in and around Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southwest province, Cameroon. Report, WCS Cameroon Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.<br>
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Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
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Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254.br>
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Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>
  
 
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/03/2024 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
 
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Latest revision as of 00:42, 25 July 2024

Central Africa > Cameroon > Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Summary

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  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 640 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, logging, and agricultural encroachment .
  • Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Established in 1996, Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary (BMWS) is situated between Korup National Park to the west and Santchou Wildlife Reserve to the east. With 322 bird species recorded, the site is an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees, mandrills, and forest elephants are present in BMWS. The population of forest elephants has been significantly reduced by poaching. BMWS falls naturally into two sections: the northern block where the terrain is mostly flat, and a mountainous southern block, which includes a small part of the Bakossi mountains (BirdLife International 2020).

Table 1. Basic site information for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Area 640 km²
Coordinates 5.357767, 9.609717
Designation Wildlife Sanctuary
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

There was a notable decrease in the relative populations of chimpanzees in the site between 2007 and 2014; concurrently, there was a significant rise in hunting trail density within the BMWS during that period (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2007 500-1000 1.793 Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary Line transects (Distance) Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024 Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects)
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2013-2014 0.129 Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary Line transects (Distance) Kupsch & Bobo 2024 Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects)

Threats

The site is mainly threatened by logging, hunting and agricultural encroachment, and there are a number of villages found legally within the sanctuary boundaries (BirdLife International 2020). A study (Kupsch & Bobo 2024) found that the threatening situation for wildlife in the site, especially for elephants and primates, points to high poaching pressure between 2007 and 2014. The abundances of these species as well as of duikers are now almost similar to the low levels in Korup National Park. This is supported by the notable increase in encounter rates of hunting trails in BMWS, similar to the high rates observed in Korup National Park.

Table 3. Threats to apes in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development 1.1 Housing & urban areas Present (unknown severity) A number of villages are found within the boundaries of the site, lawfully (BirdLife International 2020). 2001-Ongoing (2020)
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present (unknown severity) Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020). 2001-Ongoing (2020)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High 1.962 hunting trail/km Presence of hunting trails (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024). 2007
5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High 2.867 hunting trail/km Presence of hunting trails (Kupsch & Bobo 2024). 2014
5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Commercial poaching (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020); hunting trails increased between 2007 and 2014, and hunting is ongoing (Kupsch & Bobo 2024). 2001-Ongoing (2024)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020). 2001-Ongoing (2020)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat The Wildlife Sanctuary was created in 1996 ([1]). 1996-Ongoing (2024)
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 23.7 24.8 24.7 24.9 26
Annual precipitation [mm] 2316 2399 2414 2475 2472
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 40.7 31.7 35.9 34.5 38.8
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.1 6.5 6.1 7 7.2


Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 0.41 3.5 0.57 2.5 0.12 4.5 0.14
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 2 100 1.5 100 2 100 3 100
River flood 2.5 1.23 1.75 0.2 2 0.81 5.25 1.72
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.67 30 0.68 29 0.66 29 0.69
  • Precipitation anomaly in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Temperature anomaly in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

External links

WWF Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary

References

BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020.
Greengrass, E. J., & Maisels, F. (2007). Conservation of the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee P. t. vellerosus, (and other mammals) in and around Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southwest province, Cameroon. Report, WCS Cameroon Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254.br> Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/03/2024

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