Difference between revisions of "Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve"

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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
* Bonobo (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve.
 
* Bonobo (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve.
−
* It has been estimated that ca, 1,000 individuals occur in the site.
+
* It has been estimated that approximately 1,000 individuals occur in the site.
−
* The Bonobo population trend is increasing.
+
* The bonobo population trend is increasing.
 
* The site has a total size of 3,625 km².
 
* The site has a total size of 3,625 km².
−
* Key threat to Bonobo is hunting.
+
* Bonobos are mainly threatened by poaching.
−
* Conservation activities have focused on regular anti-poaching patrols and primate’s habituation
+
* Conservation activities have focused on regular anti-poaching patrols and habituating bonobos for the purpose of eco-tourism and research.
  
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
−
Lomako-Yokokala (Réserve de Faune de Lomako-Yokokala, RFLY) was designated as Faunal Reserve in 2006. In addition to bonobos, other species found at the site include the endemic Congo peacock (Pierard et al, 1999), golden cat, giant pangolin (Omasombo et al, 2005), and forest elephants (Maputla et al. 2020). The reserve, situated in the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba landscape, is bordered by the Lomako and Yokokala Rivers in the north and south, respectively.RFLY is a Category IV protected area (IUCN) and one of the KBAs (BirdLife International, 2020).
+
[[File: Lomako map.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Map  of Lomako © Antwerp Zoo Foundation (Zoological Society of Antwerp) ]]
 +
Lomako-Yokokala (Réserve de Faune de Lomako-Yokokala, RFLY) was designated as Faunal Reserve in 2006. In addition to bonobos, other species found at the site include the endemic Congo peacock (Pierard et al, 1999), golden cat, giant pangolin (Omasombo et al, 2005), and forest elephants (Maputla et al. 2020). The reserve, situated in the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba landscape, is bordered by the Lomako and Yokokala Rivers in the north and south, respectively. RFLY is a Category IV protected area (IUCN) and one of the KBAs (BirdLife International, 2020).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
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|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
−
|Forest – Subtropical/tropical dry, Forest – Subtropical/tropical moist lowland, Forest – Subtropical/tropical swamp
+
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
 
|}
 
|}
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
−
The Lomako is renowned for research on bonobos that started in the 1970's (Badrian and Badrian). End of 1980's - early 1990's, creation of a Lomako Protected area was proposed despite little knowledge of the status of the bonobo in the larger area (Dupain et al, 2000; Dupain & Van Elsacker, 2001), but political turmoil halted this initiative. Bonobo research projects continued though (Susman, 1984, Fruth and Hohman, 1993, Dupain et al, 1996). The Central African Regional Program for Environment identified the Maringa Lopori Wamba Landscape centered around the Lomako forest (see https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/THE_FORESTS_OF_THE_CONGO_BASIN_State_of_the_Forest_2006.pdf) and allowed for the creation of the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve (3625km²) in 2006.
+
The Lomako is renowned for research on bonobos that started in the 1970's (Badrian & Badrian 1977). In the late 1980's and early 1990's, the creation of a Lomako Protected area was proposed despite little knowledge on the status of bonobos in the larger area (Dupain et al. 2000, Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001), but political turmoil halted this initiative. Nevertheless, bonobo research projects continued (Susman 1984, Fruth & Hohman 1993, Dupain et al. 1996). The Central African Regional Program for Environment identified the Maringa Lopori Wamba Landscape centered around the Lomako forest (see [https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/THE_FORESTS_OF_THE_CONGO_BASIN_State_of_the_Forest_2006.pdf State of the Forest 2006]) and allowed for the creation of the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve (3625 km²) in 2006.
−
The total bonobo population was estimated at about 910 (497-1668) (A.Vosper, 2010). More recent surveys and anecdotical observations indicate that the bonobo population is growing and expanding throughout the protected area and is currently probably well over 1000individuals.
+
The total bonobo population was estimated at about 910 (95% CI: 497-1668) (A.Vosper 2010). More recent surveys and anecdotal observations indicate that the bonobo population is growing and expanding throughout the protected area,  probably comprising well over 1000 individuals.
  
 
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''
 
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''
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|''Pan paniscus''
 
|''Pan paniscus''
 
|2004
 
|2004
−
|
+
|362.5-2,537.5
−
|
+
|0.1-0.7
 
|
 
|
 
|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve
 
|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Omasombo et al. 2005
 
|Omasombo et al. 2005
−
|81 beds/km2
+
|81 beds/km2 in the L-plot, and 12 beds/km2 in the Y-plot
−
in the L-plot, and 12
 
−
beds/km2
 
−
in the Y-plot
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
Hunting/poaching has been and still is the prime threat for the bonobos in the Lomako forest. (Thompson-Handler et al., 1995, Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001, Dupain, 2003). Since its creation in 2006, RFLY has been managed by the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN). The status of all biodiversity in the protected area has been improving, with amongst others also forest elephants coming back. Thanks to long term investments and relationships with the local communities, there is currently very limited threat to the protected area. The major threat today would be the stop of support for the management of the RFLY.
+
Hunting has been, and still is, the prime threat to bonobos in the Lomako forest. (Thompson-Handler et al. 1995, Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001, Dupain 2003). Since its creation in 2006, RFLY has been managed by the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN). The status of all biodiversity in the protected area has been improving, with amongst others also forest elephants coming back. Thanks to long term investments and relationships with the local communities, the threats to the protected area are currently very limited. The major threat today would be the termination of support to the management of the RFLY.
  
 
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
 
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
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|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|  
+
| Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
−
|  
+
| Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|  
+
| Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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| 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
| 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
| Present, but threat severity unknown
 
| Present, but threat severity unknown
−
| 35 hunting camps were recorded in a 2004 survey (Omasombo et al. 2005)
+
| 35 hunting camps were recorded in a 2004 survey (Omasombo et al. 2005).
−
| Commercial poaching (Dupain et al., 2005; Fruth et al. 2016). Hunting pressure has been especially strong in the northern part of the reserve (Dupain et al. 2000).
+
| Commercial poaching (Dupain et al. 2005, Fruth et al. 2016). Hunting pressure has been especially strong in the northern part of the reserve (Dupain et al. 2000).
−
| Ongoing (2016, 2020)
+
| Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|
 
| 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
| 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
| Present, but threat severity unknown
 
| Present, but threat severity unknown
−
| The southern part of the reserve suffers from exploitation of forest products as alternatives to the declining coffee,
+
|
−
rubber, and palm oil businesses (Dupain et al. 2000).
+
|The southern part of the reserve suffers from exploitation of forest products as alternatives to the declining coffee, rubber, and palm oil businesses (Dupain et al. 2000).
−
| Ongoing (2000; much less 2020)
+
| Ongoing (2021)
−
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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The site is managed by Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) with support from the ARCUS foundation through the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) (Arcus Foundation 2020).
 
The site is managed by Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) with support from the ARCUS foundation through the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) (Arcus Foundation 2020).
−
Due to performance-based management, with a focus on efficient law enforcement and community outreach, RFLY is witnessing increasing numbers of all fauna.
+
Due to performance-based management, with a focus on efficient law enforcement and community outreach, RFLY is witnessing increasing numbers across all fauna.
 
The Antwerp Zoo Foundation (AZF) of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, together with a Congolese NGO, Juristes pour le Renforcement et l’Application de la Loi dans le secteur de l’Environnement (JURISTRALE), signed a memorandum of understanding with the DRC National Office of Tourism and ICCN in 2019 and 2020, respectively, to prepare the Lomako for the tourism and scientific research that focus on bonobos.
 
The Antwerp Zoo Foundation (AZF) of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, together with a Congolese NGO, Juristes pour le Renforcement et l’Application de la Loi dans le secteur de l’Environnement (JURISTRALE), signed a memorandum of understanding with the DRC National Office of Tourism and ICCN in 2019 and 2020, respectively, to prepare the Lomako for the tourism and scientific research that focus on bonobos.
 +
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
−
|Specific activity OR Not reported
+
|Not reported
−
|Description
+
|
−
|Year of activity
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−
|Habituation efforts of bonobos is ongoing with field assistants from local communities.
+
|Habituation efforts of bonobos with field assistants from local communities.
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
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|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc.
 
|12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc.
−
|Habituation efforts of bonobos is ongoing with field assistants from local communities.
+
|Habituation efforts of bonobos with field assistants from local communities.
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
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Management of RFLY by ICCN has been financially supported by conservation NGOs. If financial support from outside would stop, ranger patrol of ICCN would also stop.
 
Management of RFLY by ICCN has been financially supported by conservation NGOs. If financial support from outside would stop, ranger patrol of ICCN would also stop.
 +
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve '''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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|-
 
|-
 
|Lack of financial means
 
|Lack of financial means
−
|Dupain (pers, communication)
+
|Dupain (pers. comm.)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
Lomako forest has been known as a long-term study site of bonobos since 1974 (Badrian & Badrian 1977; White 1996), with teams from a number of universities and institutes (Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp University, etc.) attempting to set up long-term research sites (Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001).
+
Lomako forest has been known as a long-term study site for bonobos since 1974 (Badrian & Badrian 1977; White 1996), with teams from a number of universities and institutes (Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp University, etc.) attempting to set up long-term research sites (Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001).
 
Since the creation of the RFLY in 2006, intermittent efforts to habituate bonobos for tourism and scientific research continued until 2018.
 
Since the creation of the RFLY in 2006, intermittent efforts to habituate bonobos for tourism and scientific research continued until 2018.
 
In 2019-2020, most bonobos in one group (named Tolende group) were well habituated to the presence of observers, allowing for behavioral studies (Sakamaki et al. 2020).
 
In 2019-2020, most bonobos in one group (named Tolende group) were well habituated to the presence of observers, allowing for behavioral studies (Sakamaki et al. 2020).
 +
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
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=External links=
 
=External links=
−
XXXXXXXXXX XXX
+
[https://www.awf.org/blog/brief-history-and-context-bonobo-conservation-lomako A Brief History and Context of Bonobo Conservation in Lomako]
  
 
===Relevant datasets===
 
===Relevant datasets===
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Wakefield ML, Hickmott AJ, Brand CM, Takaoka IY, Meador LM, Waller MT, White FJ. (2019) New observations of meat eating and sharing in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Iyema, Lomako Forest Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia Primatol, 90, 179–189. <br>
 
Wakefield ML, Hickmott AJ, Brand CM, Takaoka IY, Meador LM, Waller MT, White FJ. (2019) New observations of meat eating and sharing in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Iyema, Lomako Forest Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia Primatol, 90, 179–189. <br>
 
White FJ. (1996) Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1002(SICI)1520-6505(1996)5:1%3C11::AID-EVAN5%3E3.0.CO;2-Z <br>
 
White FJ. (1996) Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1002(SICI)1520-6505(1996)5:1%3C11::AID-EVAN5%3E3.0.CO;2-Z <br>
−
XXXXX <br>
 
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
'''Page completed by: '''Jef Dupain, jdupain65@gmail.com''' Date:''' 08/02/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
'''Page completed by: '''Jef Dupain & Tetsuya Sakamaki''' Date:''' 25/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 15:20, 18 November 2024

Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Summary

  • Bonobo (Pan paniscus) are present in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that approximately 1,000 individuals occur in the site.
  • The bonobo population trend is increasing.
  • The site has a total size of 3,625 km².
  • Bonobos are mainly threatened by poaching.
  • Conservation activities have focused on regular anti-poaching patrols and habituating bonobos for the purpose of eco-tourism and research.

Site characteristics

Map of Lomako © Antwerp Zoo Foundation (Zoological Society of Antwerp)

Lomako-Yokokala (Réserve de Faune de Lomako-Yokokala, RFLY) was designated as Faunal Reserve in 2006. In addition to bonobos, other species found at the site include the endemic Congo peacock (Pierard et al, 1999), golden cat, giant pangolin (Omasombo et al, 2005), and forest elephants (Maputla et al. 2020). The reserve, situated in the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba landscape, is bordered by the Lomako and Yokokala Rivers in the north and south, respectively. RFLY is a Category IV protected area (IUCN) and one of the KBAs (BirdLife International, 2020).

Table 1. Basic site information for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Area 3,625 km²
Coordinates 0.994 N, 21.168 W
Designation Faunal Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The Lomako is renowned for research on bonobos that started in the 1970's (Badrian & Badrian 1977). In the late 1980's and early 1990's, the creation of a Lomako Protected area was proposed despite little knowledge on the status of bonobos in the larger area (Dupain et al. 2000, Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001), but political turmoil halted this initiative. Nevertheless, bonobo research projects continued (Susman 1984, Fruth & Hohman 1993, Dupain et al. 1996). The Central African Regional Program for Environment identified the Maringa Lopori Wamba Landscape centered around the Lomako forest (see State of the Forest 2006) and allowed for the creation of the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve (3625 km²) in 2006. The total bonobo population was estimated at about 910 (95% CI: 497-1668) (A.Vosper 2010). More recent surveys and anecdotal observations indicate that the bonobo population is growing and expanding throughout the protected area, probably comprising well over 1000 individuals.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan paniscus 2004 362.5-2,537.5 0.1-0.7 Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve Line transects (Distance) Omasombo et al. 2005 81 beds/km2 in the L-plot, and 12 beds/km2 in the Y-plot

Threats

Hunting has been, and still is, the prime threat to bonobos in the Lomako forest. (Thompson-Handler et al. 1995, Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001, Dupain 2003). Since its creation in 2006, RFLY has been managed by the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN). The status of all biodiversity in the protected area has been improving, with amongst others also forest elephants coming back. Thanks to long term investments and relationships with the local communities, the threats to the protected area are currently very limited. The major threat today would be the termination of support to the management of the RFLY.

Table 3. Threats to apes in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Absent
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity unknown 35 hunting camps were recorded in a 2004 survey (Omasombo et al. 2005). Commercial poaching (Dupain et al. 2005, Fruth et al. 2016). Hunting pressure has been especially strong in the northern part of the reserve (Dupain et al. 2000). Ongoing (2021)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Present, but threat severity unknown The southern part of the reserve suffers from exploitation of forest products as alternatives to the declining coffee, rubber, and palm oil businesses (Dupain et al. 2000). Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The site is managed by Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) with support from the ARCUS foundation through the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) (Arcus Foundation 2020). Due to performance-based management, with a focus on efficient law enforcement and community outreach, RFLY is witnessing increasing numbers across all fauna. The Antwerp Zoo Foundation (AZF) of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, together with a Congolese NGO, Juristes pour le Renforcement et l’Application de la Loi dans le secteur de l’Environnement (JURISTRALE), signed a memorandum of understanding with the DRC National Office of Tourism and ICCN in 2019 and 2020, respectively, to prepare the Lomako for the tourism and scientific research that focus on bonobos.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) manages the patrol of rangers. Ongoing (2021)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management Habituation efforts of bonobos with field assistants from local communities. Ongoing (2021)
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management 12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc. Habituation efforts of bonobos with field assistants from local communities. Ongoing (2021)
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Management of RFLY by ICCN has been financially supported by conservation NGOs. If financial support from outside would stop, ranger patrol of ICCN would also stop.

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Challenge Source
Lack of financial means Dupain (pers. comm.)

Research activities

Lomako forest has been known as a long-term study site for bonobos since 1974 (Badrian & Badrian 1977; White 1996), with teams from a number of universities and institutes (Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp University, etc.) attempting to set up long-term research sites (Dupain & Van Elsacker 2001). Since the creation of the RFLY in 2006, intermittent efforts to habituate bonobos for tourism and scientific research continued until 2018. In 2019-2020, most bonobos in one group (named Tolende group) were well habituated to the presence of observers, allowing for behavioral studies (Sakamaki et al. 2020).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve

Behavior Source
Hunting and meat eating Wakefield et al. 2019
Leaf swallowing Dupain et al. 2002

External links

A Brief History and Context of Bonobo Conservation in Lomako

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Arcus Foundation. (2020, February 14). A Rare View of the Forgotten Ape: Documenting Bonobos in Their Natural Habitat. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://www.arcusfoundation.org/blog/great-apes/a-rare-view-of-the-forgotten-ape-documenting-bonobos-in-their-natural-habitat/
Badrian A, Badrian N. (1977) Pygmy chimpanzees. Oryx, 14, 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300014502
Dupain, J., Van Krunkelsven, E., Van Elsacker, L., & Verheyen, R. F. (2000). Current status of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) in the proposed Lomako Reserve (Democratic Republic of Congo). Biological Conservation, 94, 265–272.
Dupain J, Van Elsacker L. (2001) Status of the proposed Lomako Forest Bonobo Reserve: a case study of the bushmeat trade. In: All apes great and small volume 1: African apes. Galdikas BMF, Briggs N, Sheeran LK, Shapiro GL, Goodall J (eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp:259–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47461-1_25
Dupain J, Van Elsacker L, Nell C, Garcia P, Ponce F, Huffman MA. (2002) New evidence for leaf swallowing and Oesophagostomum infection in bonobos (Pan paniscus). International Journal of Primatology, 23, 1053-1062.
Dupain, J. (2003). The proposed Lomako Forest Reserve of the Democratic Republic of Congo: urgent action needed. Oryx. Vol. 37(4), 3-4.
Fruth, B., Hickey, J.R., André, C., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., Kuehl, H., Maisels, F., Nackoney, J., Reinartz, G., Sop, T., Thompson, J. & Williamson, E.A. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en
Maputla N, Lushimba A, Kasa P, Facheux C, Muruthi P. (2020). First record of a breeding forest elephant herd in the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr J Ecol, 58, 537–539. https ://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12725
Omasombo,V., Bokelo,D. & Dupain, J. (2005). Current Status of Bonobos and Other Large Mammals in the Proposed Forest Reserve of Lomako-Yokokala, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Africa News, 12(2), 14-17.
Pierard,M., Dupain,J. & Van Elsacker,L. (1999) The Congo Peacock Afropavo congensis in the Lomako Forest, Equateur Province. Afropavo, 5.
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Page completed by: Jef Dupain & Tetsuya Sakamaki Date: 25/10/2021

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