Difference between revisions of "Ankasa Conservation Area"

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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
−
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The Park is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow back duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The Park is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area.
+
Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|Designation
 
|Designation
−
|National Park
+
|Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Ankasa Conservation Area
 
|Ankasa Conservation Area
 
|
 
|
−
|pers. obs. Ofori-Amanfo
+
|Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Low  
 
|Low  
−
|Catch per effort (number of hours and 8hrs per day) of about 0.1 to 0.2 index (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
+
|
 
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|2016 - 2020
 
|2016 - 2020
Line 243: Line 243:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|Not reported
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
Line 260: Line 260:
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Challenges to conservation = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
 
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
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|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|27.2
 +
|28.2
 +
|28.1
 +
|28.4
 +
|29.3
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1649
 +
|1583
 +
|1674
 +
|1625
 +
|1711
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|24.4
 +
|24.6
 +
|26.3
 +
|23.5
 +
|29.4
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|7.1
 +
|8.8
 +
|8.6
 +
|8
 +
|10.4
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|2.06
 +
|3.5
 +
|1.5
 +
|1
 +
|0.87
 +
|2
 +
|2.4
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|1.75
 +
|100
 +
|1.25
 +
|100
 +
|0.25
 +
|25
 +
|1.75
 +
|50
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|18
 +
|100
 +
|15.5
 +
|100
 +
|21.5
 +
|100
 +
|17.5
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|1
 +
|4.59
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|2.29
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.39
 +
|30
 +
|0.36
 +
|29
 +
|0.39
 +
|29
 +
|0.37
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
<div><ul>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area]] </li>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ankansa CA.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area]] </li>
 +
</ul></div>
  
 
=External links=
 
=External links=
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= References =
 
= References =
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)  <br>
 
Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)  <br>
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 07/08/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
'''Page completed by: '''Richard Ofori-Amanfo''' Date:''' 14/08/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 09:23, 22 November 2024

West Africa > Ghana > Ankasa Conservation Area

Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) may be present in Ankasa Conservation Area.
  • Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown; possibly absent.
  • The site has a total size of 509 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are agricultural encroachment and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on education, patrolling, and preventing further degradation from farming activities.

Site characteristics

Ankasa Conservation Area (National Park and Resource Reserve) is located in the South Western part of Ghana, borderingIvory Coast. The Park is one of the few remnants of undisturbed Tropical Rainforest in Ghana. It was created in 1976. The site is very rich in biodiversity including forest elephants, bongos, leopards, olive colobus, black and white colobus, mangabey and other monkeys, yellow backed duikers and other duikers, pangolins, over 200 species of birds recorded, over 600 species of butterflies etc. The area is one of the known World Bird Areas and a Key Biodiversity Area (Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers. comm. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ankasa Conservation Area

Area 509 km²
Coordinates 5.252710, -2.583665
Designation Conservation Area and Resource Reserve
Habitat types Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Chimpanzees have not been documented in the area since 2016.

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ankasa Conservation Area

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2016 0 Ankasa Conservation Area Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2016

Threats

There are poaching camps, which the park’s staff has encountered, as well as temporary farm houses in encroached areas, but efforts are being made to clear all these in the park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium About 50 ha of farmland within the site (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). The community members are predominantly farmers, embarking on cocoa and rubber plantations affecting the surroundings of the park and the entire landscape (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Communities surrounding the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). 2016 - 2020
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission is the main organization that protects the Ankasa Conservation Area. Forest Research Institute and some Universities in the country carry out research in the Park and give some recommendations regarding management of some of the species and information on some species in the Park for conservation and management purposes.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Ankasa Conservation Area

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.8. Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas Farmers and all unauthorised people are not allowed to enter into the reserve by intensive patrols within the area (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land Old cocoa and rubber farms are being cleared (since 2016) to plant new hybrid to yield more products to increase farmers income rather than clearing more land for cultivation (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Field staff undertake day patrols, over night patrols and long/sleeping patrols in the Park to control poaching and for field data collection (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Staff are trained in, how take field data on animals and how to manage the animal species causing human animals conflict and others (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Local communities are educated on the need to conserve the resources in the Park since the 1990s (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat Ongoing
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Inadequate equipment and financial resources make protection of the Park difficult. The communities’ expectation is very high; that serves as disincentive to them no matter the efforts put in to support them (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Challenge Source
Lack of financial means Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023
Lack of logistical means Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of human resources Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010
Lack of trust and support from local communities Wildlife Division and PADP II, 2010

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Ankasa Conservation Area

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ankasa Conservation Area

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 27.2 28.2 28.1 28.4 29.3
Annual precipitation [mm] 1649 1583 1674 1625 1711
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 24.4 24.6 26.3 23.5 29.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7.1 8.8 8.6 8 10.4


Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ankasa Conservation Area

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 2.06 3.5 1.5 1 0.87 2 2.4
Drought 1.75 100 1.25 100 0.25 25 1.75 50
Heatwave 18 100 15.5 100 21.5 100 17.5 100
River flood 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.59
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 2.29
Wildfire 30 0.39 30 0.36 29 0.39 29 0.37
  • Precipitation anomaly inAnkasa Conservation Area
  • Temperature anomaly in Ankasa Conservation Area

External links

Ghana Forestry Commission

References

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Wildlife Division and PADP II (2010) Ankasa Conservation Area, Management Plan, Ankasa Conservation Area Quarterly reports (Unpublished)


Page completed by: Richard Ofori-Amanfo Date: 14/08/2023

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