Difference between revisions of "Taï National Park"

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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
 
     to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".  
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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_CIV_TaiNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Taï National Park  (Côte d’Ivoire) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
 
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one-sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Taï National Park.  
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* It has been estimated that  406 (265-623) individuals occur in the site.  
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|5.77, -7.12~[[Taï National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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}}
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</div>
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Taï National Park.  
 +
* It has been estimated that  406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
 
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.  
 
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
 
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
 
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.  
 
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.  
−
* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
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* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
 
* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.  
 
* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.  
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[[File: CIV_Tai_chimpanzee_Sonja_Metzger_WCF.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzees, Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © Sonja Metzger/WCF]]
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
  
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[[Image:tai_nzo.jpg|left|thumb|Taï National Park]]
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Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').  
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Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports rich a diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is also considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').  
+
Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project]. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the [https://www.taimonkeys.org/#! Taï Monkey Project]. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). There are two eco-tourism sites, one near the town of Taï (managed by WCF, www.ecotourismetai.com) and one near Djouroutou Ecotel Touraco (managed by a private  manager,  Mr.  Louis  DIAKITE).
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Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project]. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the [https://www.taimonkeys.org/#! Tai monkey Project]. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).
 
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
 
| Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
Line 35: Line 37:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Coordinates
 
| Coordinates
−
| 5.77 N, - 7.12 W
+
|5.77, -7.12
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
 
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
Line 43: Line 45:
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations
 
|}
 
|}
−
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
−
<br>
 
  
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
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Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html  Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)].  Estimates chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF also uses camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km2 in the Taï National Park.
+
Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html  Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)].  Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).  
  
−
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Taï National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
 
! Area
 
! Area
Line 68: Line 69:
 
|0.07 (0.05-0.11)  
 
|0.07 (0.05-0.11)  
 
|0.265  
 
|0.265  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2016  
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2016  
Line 79: Line 80:
 
|0.099 (0.060-0.169)  
 
|0.099 (0.060-0.169)  
 
|0.57
 
|0.57
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2015  
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2015  
Line 90: Line 91:
 
|0.044 (0.022-0.091)  
 
|0.044 (0.022-0.091)  
 
|0.67
 
|0.67
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2014  
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2014  
Line 101: Line 102:
 
|0.055 (0.032-0.093)  
 
|0.055 (0.032-0.093)  
 
|0.49  
 
|0.49  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2013  
 
|Tiédoué et al. 2013  
Line 112: Line 113:
 
|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)  
 
|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)  
 
|0.39  
 
|0.39  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Yapi et al. 2012  
 
|Yapi et al. 2012  
Line 123: Line 124:
 
|0.09 (0.05-0.16)  
 
|0.09 (0.05-0.16)  
 
|0.58  
 
|0.58  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2011
 
|N'Goran et al. 2011
Line 134: Line 135:
 
|0.08 (0.05-0.14)  
 
|0.08 (0.05-0.14)  
 
|0.89  
 
|0.89  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2010
 
|N'Goran et al. 2010
Line 145: Line 146:
 
|0.077 (0.040-0.147)  
 
|0.077 (0.040-0.147)  
 
|1.22  
 
|1.22  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2009
 
|N'Goran et al. 2009
Line 156: Line 157:
 
|0.10 (0.06-0.16)  
 
|0.10 (0.06-0.16)  
 
|0.91  
 
|0.91  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2008
 
|N'Goran et al. 2008
Line 167: Line 168:
 
|0.09 (0.06-0.14)  
 
|0.09 (0.06-0.14)  
 
|0.54  
 
|0.54  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2007
 
|N'Goran et al. 2007
Line 178: Line 179:
 
|0.089 (0.052-0.155)  
 
|0.089 (0.052-0.155)  
 
|0.54  
 
|0.54  
−
|Entire
+
|entire
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|Line transects (Distance)
 
|N'Goran et al. 2006
 
|N'Goran et al. 2006
Line 187: Line 188:
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
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Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threaten the long-term existence of chimpanzees in this area. Furthermore, long-term research by the Tai Chimpanzee Project established that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
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Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
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While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably since resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has now been cleared.  
+
While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably afterwards, resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has been cleared.
−
 
+
−
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Taï National Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
Line 207: Line 208:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Low
 
|Low
 
|
 
|
Line 214: Line 215:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
−
|3.2. Mining & Quarrying
+
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
 
|3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
 
|3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
−
|Artisinal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
+
|Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1. Roads & railroads
+
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
 
|
 
|
Line 228: Line 229:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5. Biological resource use
−
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
 
|29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
 
|29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
−
|Poaching is widespread throught the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
+
|Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
Line 249: Line 250:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−
|8.1. Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species/Disease
+
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
Line 256: Line 257:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
−
|8.2. Problematic Native Species/Disease
+
|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
 +
|High
 +
|
 +
|Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999)
 +
|1994
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
 
|High
 
|High
 
|
 
|
−
|chimpanzees died of Ebola virus (Formenti et al. 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004)
+
|Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017)
−
|Ongoing (2004)
+
|1996-Ongoing (2017)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|9. Pollution
Line 295: Line 303:
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
  
−
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control illegal activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have also been implemented, including eco-museum, theater, radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have also been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project in implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
+
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Taï National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
Line 310: Line 318:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|Absent
+
|2.10. Certify farms and market their products as ‘primate friendly’
−
|
+
|support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018)
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
Line 347: Line 355:
 
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
 
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
 
|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 2004
+
|since 2004
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
 
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
 
|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 1999
+
|since 1999
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
 
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
 
|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 2008
+
|since 2008
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
 
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
 
|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 2008
+
|since 2008
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
 
|8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
 
|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 2002
+
|since 2002
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site
 
|8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site
 
|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
 
|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−
|Since 2000
+
|since 2000
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
Line 386: Line 394:
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10. Education & Awareness  
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−
|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
+
|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−
|people hired by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
+
|people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|Ongoing (2019)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|
 
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
 
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
 
|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
 
|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|
 
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions  
 
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions  
 
|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
 
|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
Line 407: Line 415:
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
 
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
−
|Since 1972
+
|since 1972
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12. Species Management
 
|12. Species Management
Line 417: Line 425:
 
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)  
 
|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)  
−
|Since 1979
+
|since 1979
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|
 
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
 
|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
−
|Since 2013
+
|since 2013
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|
 
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
 
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
 
|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
 
|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
−
|Since 1979
+
|since 1979
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
  
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Taï National Park'''
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
−
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Lack of law enforcement
+
|Not reported
−
|EoH 2010
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 446: Line 454:
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
  
−
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring method, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
+
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
  
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park'''
+
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
Line 463: Line 471:
 
|Ant eating without tools
 
|Ant eating without tools
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Branch clasping
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 +
|-
 +
|Branch dragging
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 +
|-
 +
|Branch slapping
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 +
|-
 +
|Buttress beating
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 +
|-
 +
|Fluid dipping
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Honey eating
 
|Honey eating
Line 469: Line 492:
 
|Honey extraction with tools
 
|Honey extraction with tools
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Honey extraction without tools
 +
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 +
|-
 +
|Knuckle-knock
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Leaf clipping
 
|Leaf clipping
Line 494: Line 523:
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Wood pounding
 +
|Whiten et al. 1999
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 +
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 +
 
 +
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''1981-2010'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|25.7
 +
|26.8
 +
|26.7
 +
|26.9
 +
|28
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|1828
 +
|1822
 +
|1894
 +
|1869
 +
|1947
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|24
 +
|23.3
 +
|22.7
 +
|24.9
 +
|24.2
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|6.4
 +
|7.8
 +
|7.5
 +
|9.5
 +
|10.3
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park'''
 +
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 +
|
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3
 +
|1.11
 +
|2.5
 +
|0.83
 +
|4
 +
|0.62
 +
|4
 +
|1.27
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0.5
 +
|12.5
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0.25
 +
|12.5
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|13.5
 +
|77.15
 +
|11.5
 +
|87.19
 +
|15.5
 +
|85.94
 +
|17.5
 +
|81.94
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|1.25
 +
|1.46
 +
|4
 +
|3.22
 +
|4.25
 +
|2.57
 +
|5.25
 +
|4.16
 +
|-
 +
|Tropical cyclone
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.51
 +
|30
 +
|0.5
 +
|29
 +
|0.54
 +
|29
 +
|0.54
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<div><ul>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li>
 +
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li>
 +
</ul></div>
  
−
<br>
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
Line 506: Line 657:
 
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19). <br>
 
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19). <br>
 
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155 <br>
 
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155 <br>
−
EoH. 2010. Evaluation de l’efficacité de gestion Parc National de Taï, Enhancing our Heritage (EoH). Programme Aires Protégées d’Afrique du Centre et de l’Ouest. UICN <br>
+
Cappelle N et al. 2019. Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 81(3): e22962 <br>
 
Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126. <br>
 
Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126. <br>
 
Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619 <br>
 
Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619 <br>
 +
Hoffmann, C., Zimmermann, F., Biek, R., Kuehl, H., Nowak, K., Mundry, R., ... & Leendertz, F. H. (2017). Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest. Nature, 548(7665), 82-86.<br>
 
Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75. <br>
 
Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75. <br>
 
IBREAM. 2018. Pygmy Hippo PhD 2017 Summary. Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals. [https://ibream.org/updates/pygmy-hippo-phd-2017-summary/ Taï Hippo Project] <br>
 
IBREAM. 2018. Pygmy Hippo PhD 2017 Summary. Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals. [https://ibream.org/updates/pygmy-hippo-phd-2017-summary/ Taï Hippo Project] <br>
 
Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344. <br>
 
Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344. <br>
 
Köndgen, S., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P., Walsh, P., Schenk, S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Mätz-Rensing, K., Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., Leendertz, F.H. (2008). Pandemic Human Viruses Causes Decline of Endangered Great Apes. Current Biology 18, 260-264. <br>
 
Köndgen, S., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P., Walsh, P., Schenk, S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Mätz-Rensing, K., Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., Leendertz, F.H. (2008). Pandemic Human Viruses Causes Decline of Endangered Great Apes. Current Biology 18, 260-264. <br>
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br> <br>
 
Kouakou CY, Boesch C, and Kuehl H. 2009. Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Taï National Park. Am. J. Primatol. 71, 447–457. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20673 <br>
 
Kouakou CY, Boesch C, and Kuehl H. 2009. Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Taï National Park. Am. J. Primatol. 71, 447–457. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20673 <br>
 
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455. <br>
 
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455. <br>
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WCF. 2018. Annual report 2018 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] <br>
 
WCF. 2018. Annual report 2018 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] <br>
 
WCF, OIPR-PNT, WWF, CSRS, KFW, EU, UNEP, GRASP and GTZ. 2008. Etat du Parc National de Tai. Rapport de Resultats de Biomonitoring Phase III (Août 2007-Mars 2008) <br>
 
WCF, OIPR-PNT, WWF, CSRS, KFW, EU, UNEP, GRASP and GTZ. 2008. Etat du Parc National de Tai. Rapport de Resultats de Biomonitoring Phase III (Août 2007-Mars 2008) <br>
 +
Whiten et al. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685 <br>
 
Wittig R. 2018. 40 years of research at the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Pan Africa News 25(2): 16-18 <br>
 
Wittig R. 2018. 40 years of research at the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Pan Africa News 25(2): 16-18 <br>
 
Yao, C. Y. Adou and Roussel, Bernard (2007). Forest Management, Farmers' Practices and Biodiversity Conservation in the Monogaga Protected Coastal Forest in Southwest Côte D'Ivoire. Africa, 77(1):63-85. <br>
 
Yao, C. Y. Adou and Roussel, Bernard (2007). Forest Management, Farmers' Practices and Biodiversity Conservation in the Monogaga Protected Coastal Forest in Southwest Côte D'Ivoire. Africa, 77(1):63-85. <br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 11/10/2019  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page completed by:''' Julia Riedel & A.P.E.S. Wiki team'''Date:''' 08/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
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Latest revision as of 10:06, 22 November 2024

West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Taï National Park

Summary

Loading map...
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Taï National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
  • A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
  • Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
Chimpanzees, Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © Sonja Metzger/WCF

Site characteristics

Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, UNESCO 2019a). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (Agelastes meleagrides) and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (Procolobus verus), western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), king colobus (Colobus polykomos), and Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli), forest elephant (Loxodonta africana ), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), Water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra), and Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki). Reptile species include (Crocodylus cataphractus) and African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), Home's hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys homeana). Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the Taï Monkey Project. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). There are two eco-tourism sites, one near the town of Taï (managed by WCF, www.ecotourismetai.com) and one near Djouroutou Ecotel Touraco (managed by a private manager, Mr. Louis DIAKITE).

Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park

Area 5,0812 km²
Coordinates 5.77, -7.12
Designation National Park
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Taï National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2016 406 (265-623) 0.07 (0.05-0.11) 0.265 entire Line transects (Distance) Tiédoué et al. 2016
Pan troglodytes verus 2015 540 (321-909) 0.099 (0.060-0.169) 0.57 entire Line transects (Distance) Tiédoué et al. 2015
Pan troglodytes verus 2014 238 (116-487) 0.044 (0.022-0.091) 0.67 entire Line transects (Distance) Tiédoué et al. 2014
Pan troglodytes verus 2013 294 (173-500) 0.055 (0.032-0.093) 0.49 entire Line transects (Distance) Tiédoué et al. 2013
Pan troglodytes verus 2012 264(135-518) 0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966) 0.39 entire Line transects (Distance) Yapi et al. 2012
Pan troglodytes verus 2011 497 (287-868) 0.09 (0.05-0.16) 0.58 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2011
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 441 (264-735) 0.08 (0.05-0.14) 0.89 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2010
Pan troglodytes verus 2009 361 (230-568) 0.077 (0.040-0.147) 1.22 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2009
Pan troglodytes verus 2008 516 (314-847) 0.10 (0.06-0.16) 0.91 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2008
Pan troglodytes verus 2007 479 (299-767) 0.09 (0.06-0.14) 0.54 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2007
Pan troglodytes verus 2006 480 (280-830) 0.089 (0.052-0.155) 0.54 entire Line transects (Distance) N'Goran et al. 2006

Threats

Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees. While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably afterwards, resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has been cleared.

Table 3. Threats to great apes in Taï National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Low Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016) Ongoing (2016)
3. Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Medium 3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016) Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b) Ongoing (2019)
4. Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016) Ongoing (2016)
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High 29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016) Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b) Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases High chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008) Ongoing (2008)
8.2 Problematic native species/diseases High Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999) 1994
8.2 Problematic native species/diseases High Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017) 1996-Ongoing (2017)
9. Pollution Absent
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Taï National Park

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.10. Certify farms and market their products as ‘primate friendly’ support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
7. Natural system modifications Absent
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases 8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2004
8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 1999
8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2008
8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2008
8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc. ‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2002
8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2000
8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018) since 2000
9. Pollution Absent
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018) Ongoing (2019)
10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018) Ongoing (2018)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019) since 1972
12. Species Management Absent
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site 3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018) since 1979
13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site 2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018) since 2013
13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018 since 1979

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park

Behavior Source
Ant dipping Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Ant eating Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Ant eating without tools Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Branch clasping Whiten et al. 1999
Branch dragging Whiten et al. 1999
Branch slapping Whiten et al. 1999
Buttress beating Whiten et al. 1999
Fluid dipping Whiten et al. 1999
Honey eating Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Honey extraction with tools Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Honey extraction without tools Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Knuckle-knock Whiten et al. 1999
Leaf clipping Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Leaf cushion Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Leaf sponging for drinking water Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Marrow pick Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Nut cracking Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Stone throwing Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Termite eating Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Termite eating without tools Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
Wood pounding Whiten et al. 1999

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park

1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 25.7 26.8 26.7 26.9 28
Annual precipitation [mm] 1828 1822 1894 1869 1947
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 24 23.3 22.7 24.9 24.2
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.4 7.8 7.5 9.5 10.3


Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park

No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3 1.11 2.5 0.83 4 0.62 4 1.27
Drought 0.5 12.5 0 0 0 0 0.25 12.5
Heatwave 13.5 77.15 11.5 87.19 15.5 85.94 17.5 81.94
River flood 1.25 1.46 4 3.22 4.25 2.57 5.25 4.16
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.51 30 0.5 29 0.54 29 0.54
  • Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park


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