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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + − The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021). − + + Line 25:
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Line 41: − + + + + − In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021). − Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).+ − + Line 57:
Line 60: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − |Ongoing (2023)+ − |- − | − |5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants − |Present, but threat severity unknown − |Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021). − − + − + Line 111:
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Line 176: − + + − Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023). − + + Line 190:
Line 189: − + − + − + − + + + + + + + − Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).+ + Line 209:
Line 215: + + + − + − [https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak] Line 220:
Line 228: − = References = − Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005 − Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126. − Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.+ − Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001+ − Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8+ − +
no edit summary
[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Ala Forest Reserve]]
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ala_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ala_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ala_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ala_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ala_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
__TOC__
__TOC__
= Summary =
= Summary =
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=4 | layers=OpenTopoMap, OpenStreetMap |25.521581, 93.051847~[[Assam]]~Western hoolock gibbons}}</div>
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|7.051510, 5.436220~[[Ala Forest Reserve]]~Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees}}</div>
* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') have been present in Ala Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct at the site.
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
* The site has a total size of 199 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging for oil palm, cocoa, and teak plantations.
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
* Conservation activities not documented.
= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ala Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Species
|Species
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
|78,438 km²
|199 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|25.521581, 93.051847
|7.051510, 5.436220
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
|Unclassified
|Forest Reserve
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|Arable land, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
|}
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]= Ape status =
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status =
Chimpanzees are extinct or nearly extinct in Ala Forest Reserve. During a 2006 survey, no chimpanzees, nor signs of chimpanzees, were encountered (Greengrass 2006).
= Threats =
= Threats =
The northern half of the reserve is dominated by teak, oil palm, and cocoa plantations (Greengrass 2006). In the southern half of the reserve, even though the forest seems to be in a better condition, logging pressure is very high and large mammals are very scarce (Greengrass 2006).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Assam'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ala Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!Category
!Category
|-
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|
|High
|Unknown
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|High
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
|Oil palm and cocoa plantations in the northern half of the reserve (Greengrass 2006)
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|-
|
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|High
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Land cleared for teak plantations (Greengrass 2006)
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Unknown
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|
|-
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|High
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|A road crosses the reserve from north to south (Greengrass 2006)
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|High
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Hunter trails and a large number of discarded cartridges were found in the southern part of the reserve, where chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
|Ongoing (2006)
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
|
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|High
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Logging pressure is high in the area were chimpanzees were last seen (Greengrass 2006)
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|-
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|
|-
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|12 Other threat
|12 Other threat
|
|
|Absent
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]= Conservation activities =
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities =
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Assam'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ala Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!Category
!Category
|}
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]= Challenge =
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenge =
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Assam'''
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Ala Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Challenges
|-
|-
|
|
|Lack of long-term funding
|Corruption
|
|
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|Greengrass 2006
|-
|-
|
|
|Lack of national action plan
|Lack of financial means
|
|
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|Greengrass 2006
|-
|
|Lack of law enforcement
|
|Greengrass 2006
|}
|}
= Research activities =
= Research activities =
No information on research activities has been documented.
= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
= External links =
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Ala FR.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Ala Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>
= References =
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
'''Page completed by: '''Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/10/2023
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team''' Date:''' 19/11/2020