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[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]
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[[Asia]] > [[Thailand]] > [[Bala Forest]]
  
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
 
= Summary =
 
= Summary =
  
−
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=4 | layers=OpenTopoMap, OpenStreetMap |25.521581, 93.051847~[[Assam]]~Western hoolock gibbons}}</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.787548 , 101.809392 ~[[Bala Forest]]~Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis}}</div>
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* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
+
* Siamangs (''Symphalangus syndactylus'') and agile gibbons (''Hylobates agilis'') are present in Bala Forest.
−
* The population size is unknown.
+
* In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
−
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
+
* The population trends are  unknown.
−
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
+
* The site has a total size of 168 km².
−
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
+
* Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
−
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
+
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 +
* The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
  
  
 
= Site characteristics =
 
= Site characteristics =
  
−
The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
+
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|
+
|Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
−
|78,438 km²
+
|168 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|25.521581, 93.051847
+
|5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of site
 
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Habitat types
 
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Type of governance
 
|Type of governance
Line 43: Line 44:
 
= Ape status =
 
= Ape status =
  
−
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
 +
 
 +
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
 +
!Species
 +
!Year
 +
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
 +
!Total number groups (95% CI)
 +
!Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)
 +
!Area
 +
!Method
 +
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 +
|-
 +
|''Symphalangus syndactylus''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|19
 +
|0.32
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Hylobates agilis''
 +
|2005
 +
|
 +
|136
 +
|2.27
 +
|Bala Forest
 +
|Fixed-point triangulation
 +
|Nongkaew et al. 2018
 +
|Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).
 +
|
 +
|}
  
 
= Threats =
 
= Threats =
  
−
Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Assam'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 
!Category
 
!Category
 
!Specific threats
 
!Specific threats
Line 58: Line 95:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Residential areas
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−
|High
+
|Unknown whether the threat category is present
−
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
+
|Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|3 Energy production & mining
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
 
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
−
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|3 Energy production & mining
 
−
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
−
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|
−
|High
+
|Unknown
−
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|Absent
−
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
−
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|High
−
|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).
+
|People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|High
+
|Low
−
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018).
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Ongoing (2018)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
Line 112: Line 143:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
+
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
Line 153: Line 184:
  
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Assam'''
+
= Challenges =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
 
−
!Category
+
 
−
!Specific activity
+
 
−
!Description
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest'''
−
!Implementing organization(s)
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−
!Year of activity
+
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Year(s)
 +
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
+
|Not  reported
−
|-
 
−
|4 Education & awareness
 
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
−
|NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|7 Economic & other incentives
 
−
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 
−
|Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+
−
= Challenge =
+
= Enablers =
 +
 
  
−
Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenge reported for Assam'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!Challenges
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific challenges
+
!Specific enablers
 
!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of long-term funding
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Lack of national action plan
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
   
 
   
−
= Challenges =
+
= Research activities =
  
−
= Research activities =
 
  
−
Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).
 
  
 
= Documented behaviours =
 
= Documented behaviours =
Line 214: Line 253:
  
  
 +
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 +
!Behavior
 +
!Source
 +
|-
 +
|Not  reported
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
Line 220: Line 269:
 
= External links =
 
= External links =
  
−
[https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak]
+
 
  
 
= Relevant datasets =
 
= Relevant datasets =
Line 228: Line 277:
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
−
Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005
+
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.
−
 
 
−
Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126.
 
−
 
 
−
Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.
 
−
 
 
−
Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001
 
  
−
Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8
+
Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).
  
  
  
−
'''Page completed by: '''Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/10/2023
+
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''29/12/2021

Latest revision as of 16:32, 22 November 2024

Asia > Thailand > Bala Forest

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Summary

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  • Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) are present in Bala Forest.
  • In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 168 km².
  • Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.
  • The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.


Site characteristics

The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia (BirdLife International 2021). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province (BirdLife International 2021). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level (Nongkaew et al. 2018). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest

Species Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis
Area 168 km²
Coordinates 5.787548 N, 101.809392 E
Type of site Wildlife Sanctuary
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest

Species Year Total number indiv. (95% CI) Total number groups (95% CI) Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Symphalangus syndactylus 2005 19 0.32 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km–2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km–2)
Hylobates agilis 2005 136 2.27 Bala Forest Fixed-point triangulation Nongkaew et al. 2018 Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km–2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km–2 (SE = 0.18).

Threats

The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes (Nongkaew et al. 2018). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area (Nongkaew et al. 2018).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Unknown whether the threat category is present Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Absent In a 2005 survey, local people were not found hunting gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s (Nongkaew et al. 2018). Ongoing (2018)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest

Challenges Specific challenges Year(s) Source
Not reported


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest

Enablers Specific enablers Year(s) Source
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/12/2021.

Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). PoPulation Density anD Habitat of siamang anD agile gibbon in bala forest, soutHern tHailanD. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:29/12/2021

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