Difference between revisions of "Bambidie Forestry Concession"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Bambidie Forestry Concession]]
 
[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Bambidie Forestry Concession]]
  
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bambidie_Forestry_Concession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bambidie_Forestry_Concession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bambidie_Forestry_Concession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bambidie_Forestry_Concession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bambidie_Forestry_Concession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
<div style="float: right">
+
 
{{#display_map: height=240px | width=320px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=7 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
+
__TOC__
| 0.866667, 13.100000~[[Bambidie]]~Central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas
+
= Summary =
}}
+
 
</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.866667, 13.100000~[[Bambidie Forestry Concession]]~Gorilla gorilla gorilla}}</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bambidie.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bambidie.
 
* It has been estimated that 20 gorillas occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 20 gorillas occur in the site.
Line 22: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, provision of alternative livelihood activities to local populations, forest certification as “primate friendly” concession, and environmental education.
 
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, provision of alternative livelihood activities to local populations, forest certification as “primate friendly” concession, and environmental education.
  
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Bambidie is a forest concession that was logged for the first time in the early 1990s, and for the second time in 2013. The average exploitation rate for this second rotation was 1.01 trees/hectare (or 8.34 m³ / hectare). The concession is FSC certified and the company applies sustainable forest management practices. Several villages are included in the concession. Animal populations are relatively well preserved in the area. Key animal species found at this site are Western lowland gorilla, central chimpanzee, forest elephant, giant pangolin, and panther (Haurez et al. 2014, Haurez et al. 2016).
 
Bambidie is a forest concession that was logged for the first time in the early 1990s, and for the second time in 2013. The average exploitation rate for this second rotation was 1.01 trees/hectare (or 8.34 m³ / hectare). The concession is FSC certified and the company applies sustainable forest management practices. Several villages are included in the concession. Animal populations are relatively well preserved in the area. Key animal species found at this site are Western lowland gorilla, central chimpanzee, forest elephant, giant pangolin, and panther (Haurez et al. 2014, Haurez et al. 2016).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|Gorilla gorilla gorilla
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|13 km²
 
|13 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
| 0.866667, 13.100000
+
|Lat: 0.866667 , Lon:  13.100000
 
|-
 
|-
|Designation
+
|Type of site
|Forestry concession
+
|Logging concession
 
|-
 
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
 
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The last inventory followed two previous surveys, one carried out before the second rotation (January-July 2021) and the second 4-6 months after the second operation (March 2014). Comparison of the results of the three inventories shows a significant drop in gorilla density 4 months after the second rotation, and a significant increase in gorilla density between 4 months and 1 year after the second rotation. The density observed 1 year after the second rotation is not significantly different from the initial density (before the second rotation).
 
The last inventory followed two previous surveys, one carried out before the second rotation (January-July 2021) and the second 4-6 months after the second operation (March 2014). Comparison of the results of the three inventories shows a significant drop in gorilla density 4 months after the second rotation, and a significant increase in gorilla density between 4 months and 1 year after the second rotation. The density observed 1 year after the second rotation is not significantly different from the initial density (before the second rotation).
  
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
! Species
+
!Species
! Year
+
!Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
+
!Area
! Method
+
!Method
! Source
+
!Source
! Comments
+
!Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 
|2014
 
|2014
 
|20
 
|20
|1.5  
+
|1.5
 
|0.88
 
|0.88
 
|9 sq.km
 
|9 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey (reconnaissance walk)
+
|Line transects & recces
 
|Haurez et al. 2014
 
|Haurez et al. 2014
 
|
 
|
Line 71: Line 72:
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
 
 +
= Threats =
  
 
The main threat is subsistence hunting. However, the level of this threat is relatively low. The logging company has set up various processes to fight against poaching, and to limit the pressure of subsistence hunting.
 
The main threat is subsistence hunting. However, the level of this threat is relatively low. The logging company has set up various processes to fight against poaching, and to limit the pressure of subsistence hunting.
  
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
|
 
| Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Low
 
|Low
|
 
 
|Presence of roads within the logging concession and presence of a national road (Haurez et al. 2014).
 
|Presence of roads within the logging concession and presence of a national road (Haurez et al. 2014).
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
|Encounter rate of human signs: 0.094 signs/km
 
 
|All signs of human activities recorded.
 
|All signs of human activities recorded.
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|Ongoing (2014)
 
|-
 
|-
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|Low
 
|Low
|
 
 
|Logging concession sustainably managed (Haurez et al. 2016).
 
|Logging concession sustainably managed (Haurez et al. 2016).
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
 
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 
 +
 
  
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|Not reported
+
|1.10 Reduce road widths
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|Not reported
+
|1.11 Avoid building roads in key habitat or migration routes
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|Not reported
+
|2.1 Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal ape bushmeat
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|4.4. Reduce road widths
+
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|4.8. Re-use old roads rather than building new roads
+
|2.10 Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of handling ape meat
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|5.4. Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat
+
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|1.18 Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|5.14. Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of wild primate meat
+
|1.14 Close non-essential roads as soon as mining/logging operations are complete
 
|
 
|
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|
 +
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
+
|1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly
 
|
 
|
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|
 +
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
|5.30. Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas
+
|1.16 Provide domestic meat to workers of a logging/mining project to reduce hunting
 
|
 
|
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5.31. Close non-essential roads as soon as logging operations are complete
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|-
+
|4 Education & awareness
|5. Biological resource use
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|5.35. Certify forest concessions and market their products as ‘primate friendly’
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|4 Education & awareness
|5.36. Provide domestic meat to workers of the logging company to reduce hunting
+
|4.3 Install billboards to raise ape conservation awareness
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 
|Ongoing(2021)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
The financial resources of the company are dedicated to logging. The conservation of fauna is an obligation (in particular within the framework of the FSC), but remains a "non-priority" activity.
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|2 Resources and capacity
|Not reported
+
|2.3 General lack of funding
 +
|Haurez (pers. communication)
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|2 Resources and capacity
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|3 Engaged community
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
 
|
 
|
| Ongoing(2021)
 
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|4 Institutional support
|10.3. Install billboards to raise primate conservation awareness
 
 
|
 
|
| Ongoing(2021)
 
|-
 
|11. Habitat Protection
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Species Management
+
|5 Ecological context
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|6 Safety and stability
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
  
The financial resources of the company are dedicated to logging. The conservation of fauna is an obligation (in particular within the framework of the FSC), but remains a "non-priority" activity.
+
= Research activities =
 +
 
 +
Research activities carried out in Bambidie concern the impact of logging on western lowland gorillas, the impact of large fauna on forest regeneration (seed dispersal by gorillas, elephants), and hunting activities and their impacts.
  
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
|-
 
| Lack of financial support
 
|Haurez (pers. communication)
 
|-
 
|}
 
  
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
Research activities carried out in Bambidie concern the impact of logging on western lowland gorillas, the impact of large fauna on forest regeneration (seed dispersal by gorillas, elephants), and hunting activities and their impacts.
 
  
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
  
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
 
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
  
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
+
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
|
+
!'''Value'''
|'''1981-2010'''
+
!'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
+
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
+
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
+
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
+
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
|Mean temperature [°C]
Line 372: Line 375:
 
|8.6
 
|8.6
 
|9.6
 
|9.6
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
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'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
|
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!'''Type'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Crop failure
 
|Crop failure
Line 447: Line 449:
 
|29
 
|29
 
|0.39
 
|0.39
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
<div><ul>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
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<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li></ul></div>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
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</ul></div>
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= External links =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
Haurez, B., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., Tagg, N., & Doucet, J. L. (2014). Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(11), 2669-2687. <br>
+
 
Haurez, B., Tagg, N., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., & Doucet, J. L. (2016). Short-term impact of selective logging on a western lowland gorilla population. Forest ecology and management, 364, 46-51. <br>
+
Haurez, B., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., Tagg, N., & Doucet, J. L. (2014). Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(11), 2669-2687.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
+
 
 +
Haurez, B., Tagg, N., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., & Doucet, J. L. (2016). Short-term impact of selective logging on a western lowland gorilla population. Forest ecology and management, 364, 46-51.
 +
 
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
 +
 
  
  
'''Page completed by: ''' Barbara Haurez''' Date:''' 18/05/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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'''Page created by: '''Barbara Haurez''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:05, 24 January 2025

Central Africa > Gabon > Bambidie Forestry Concession

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Summary

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  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Bambidie.
  • It has been estimated that 20 gorillas occur in the site.
  • The Western lowland gorilla’s population trend is stable.
  • The site has a total size of 13 km².
  • Key threats to Western lowland gorillas are poaching, logging and roads.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, provision of alternative livelihood activities to local populations, forest certification as “primate friendly” concession, and environmental education.


Site characteristics

Bambidie is a forest concession that was logged for the first time in the early 1990s, and for the second time in 2013. The average exploitation rate for this second rotation was 1.01 trees/hectare (or 8.34 m³ / hectare). The concession is FSC certified and the company applies sustainable forest management practices. Several villages are included in the concession. Animal populations are relatively well preserved in the area. Key animal species found at this site are Western lowland gorilla, central chimpanzee, forest elephant, giant pangolin, and panther (Haurez et al. 2014, Haurez et al. 2016).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Species Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 13 km²
Coordinates Lat: 0.866667 , Lon: 13.100000
Type of site Logging concession
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The last inventory followed two previous surveys, one carried out before the second rotation (January-July 2021) and the second 4-6 months after the second operation (March 2014). Comparison of the results of the three inventories shows a significant drop in gorilla density 4 months after the second rotation, and a significant increase in gorilla density between 4 months and 1 year after the second rotation. The density observed 1 year after the second rotation is not significantly different from the initial density (before the second rotation).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 20 1.5 0.88 9 sq.km Line transects & recces Haurez et al. 2014


Threats

The main threat is subsistence hunting. However, the level of this threat is relatively low. The logging company has set up various processes to fight against poaching, and to limit the pressure of subsistence hunting.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Absent
3 Energy production & mining Absent
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Low Presence of roads within the logging concession and presence of a national road (Haurez et al. 2014). Ongoing (2014)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium All signs of human activities recorded. Ongoing (2014)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Low Logging concession sustainably managed (Haurez et al. 2016). Ongoing (2016)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Absent
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.10 Reduce road widths Ongoing (2021)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.11 Avoid building roads in key habitat or migration routes Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.1 Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal ape bushmeat Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.10 Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of handling ape meat Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms Ongoing (2021)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.18 Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas Ongoing (2021)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.14 Close non-essential roads as soon as mining/logging operations are complete Ongoing(2021)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly Ongoing(2021)
1 Development impact mitigation 1.16 Provide domestic meat to workers of a logging/mining project to reduce hunting Ongoing(2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Ongoing(2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.3 Install billboards to raise ape conservation awareness Ongoing(2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The financial resources of the company are dedicated to logging. The conservation of fauna is an obligation (in particular within the framework of the FSC), but remains a "non-priority" activity.

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.3 General lack of funding Haurez (pers. communication)


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Research activities carried out in Bambidie concern the impact of logging on western lowland gorillas, the impact of large fauna on forest regeneration (seed dispersal by gorillas, elephants), and hunting activities and their impacts.


Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bambidie Forestry Concession

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bambidie Forestry Concession

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 25.5 26.6 26.5 26.8 27.8
Annual precipitation [mm] 4053 4123 4127 4211 4214
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 38.5 20.9 18.4 19.8 17.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.7 8.5 8.6 8.6 9.6


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bambidie Forestry Concession

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 6.5 0 5.5 0 3 0 16.5 0
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 9.5 100 11 100 9 100 12.5 100
River flood 1 0.08 0.75 0.66 0 0 1.75 1.77
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.46 30 0.4 29 0.45 29 0.39


  • Precipitation anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession
  • Temperature anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Haurez, B., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., Tagg, N., & Doucet, J. L. (2014). Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(11), 2669-2687.

Haurez, B., Tagg, N., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., & Doucet, J. L. (2016). Short-term impact of selective logging on a western lowland gorilla population. Forest ecology and management, 364, 46-51.

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.


Page created by: Barbara Haurez Date: NA