Difference between revisions of "Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Guinea-Bissau]] > [[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]
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- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_GNB_LagoasDeCufada.png | 400px | thumb| right | Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (Guinea-Bissau) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
  
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__TOC__
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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= Summary =
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[[West Africa]] > [[Guinea-Bissau]] > [[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]
 
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|11.70, -15.04~[[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park.
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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* It has been estimated that between 137 and 311 individuals occur at the site.
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|11.70, -15.04~[[Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
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}}
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* This site has a total size of 890 km².
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</div>
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are disturbance through human activities.
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park.  
 
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* It has been estimated that between 137 and 311 individuals occur at the site.  
 
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
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* This site has a total size of 890 km².  
 
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* Key threats to chimpanzees are disturbance through human activities.  
 
 
* Conservation activities conducted by the ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)” include livelihood improvement and awareness raising.
 
* Conservation activities conducted by the ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)” include livelihood improvement and awareness raising.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park [LCNP (11.70 N, -15.04 W)] was created in December 2000 in the region of Quinara, in southern Guinea-Bissau and is managed by the governmental organization “Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP)”. LCNP is a Ramsar site and covers an area of 890 km 2 (including water areas) (Sousa C. et al. 2005). The average annual temperature is 26°C and the average annual rainfall 200 mm. The rain season reaches from June to October/ November (Catarino L. 2002). Consisting of three lakes (Biorna, Bedasse and Cufada itself), this park holds the country’s largest freshwater reserve, an important detail for the existence of several rare types of animals and plants. Overall, 33 villages are found in the park, inhabited by 3,534 people of different ethnic groups (Beafada (77.4%), Balanta (8.7%), Fula (3.6%), Manjaco (3.6%), Pepel (2.6%) and Bijagó, Mandiga and Mancanha (4.1%)) (Imbali F. 1997, IBAP. 2007, Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The villagers’ livelihoods rely extensively on natural resources for their survival. Subsistence farming, and bushmeat hunting is common (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). Chimpanzees are not hunted because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015).
 
Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park [LCNP (11.70 N, -15.04 W)] was created in December 2000 in the region of Quinara, in southern Guinea-Bissau and is managed by the governmental organization “Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP)”. LCNP is a Ramsar site and covers an area of 890 km 2 (including water areas) (Sousa C. et al. 2005). The average annual temperature is 26°C and the average annual rainfall 200 mm. The rain season reaches from June to October/ November (Catarino L. 2002). Consisting of three lakes (Biorna, Bedasse and Cufada itself), this park holds the country’s largest freshwater reserve, an important detail for the existence of several rare types of animals and plants. Overall, 33 villages are found in the park, inhabited by 3,534 people of different ethnic groups (Beafada (77.4%), Balanta (8.7%), Fula (3.6%), Manjaco (3.6%), Pepel (2.6%) and Bijagó, Mandiga and Mancanha (4.1%)) (Imbali F. 1997, IBAP. 2007, Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The villagers’ livelihoods rely extensively on natural resources for their survival. Subsistence farming, and bushmeat hunting is common (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). Chimpanzees are not hunted because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|890 km²
 
|890 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|11.70, -15.04
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|Lat: 11.70 , Lon:  -15.04
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Type of site
−
|Natural Park
+
|Protected area (Natural Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp, Forest, Moist Savanna, Permanent Freshwater, Marshes/Pools
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|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
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= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park is delimited by two main rivers, the Corubal in the north and the Buba River in the south, which limits the chimpanzee distribution north and south of the protected area. Estimates for the chimpanzee population ranges from 137 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013) to 311 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The population trend is unknown. Nest decay rate was estimated to be 293.9 days (%CV = 58.80).
 
The Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park is delimited by two main rivers, the Corubal in the north and the Buba River in the south, which limits the chimpanzee distribution north and south of the protected area. Estimates for the chimpanzee population ranges from 137 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013) to 311 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The population trend is unknown. Nest decay rate was estimated to be 293.9 days (%CV = 58.80).
  
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'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
Line 80: Line 75:
 
|
 
|
 
|Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park
 
|Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Line transects
 
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|Total survey effort: 235.2 km
 
|Total survey effort: 235.2 km
Line 91: Line 86:
 
|
 
|
 
|Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park
 
|Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
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|Line transects
 
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|Total survey effort: 67.2 km
 
|Total survey effort: 67.2 km
Line 97: Line 92:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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= Threats =
  
 
Most of the roads and settlements in LCNP are surrounded by extensive cashew monocultures, which reduces the availability of nesting trees for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees sometimes split branches while crop-raiding, when trying to reach the fruit, leading to irreversible damages of trees and often resulting in chimpanzee-human conflict (Carvalho et al. 2013). During cashew harvesting (March to late June), the number of people inside the park, as well as road traffic, usually increases and the temporary harvest workers show little awareness with respect to the conservation of park biodiversity (Carvalho et al. 2013). Hunting is allowed during the dry season (November until April) but forbidden during the rainy season, usually the reproductive periods (May until October). Chimpanzees and other non- human primates cannot be legally hunted and the trade in bushmeat is illegal at all times (Amador et al. 2015). However hunting for the trade and of primates happens inside the Park as a source of vital income and meat is traded in and outside the park, often to cities as Bissau, where wild meat, particularly big monkeys as baboons, can be sold at higher prices (Quecuta pers. Comm. 2023). The bushmeat trade takes place along the main roads or by boat, with Bissau as the primary destination. Although people from the Beafada ethnic do not eat bush pigs or monkeys due to religious restrictions (Muslims), they still hunt these animals for sale to others (Amador et al. 2015). Even though commercial hunting constitutes a threat to the primate populations, chimpanzees are usually not targeted or sold because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015). One third of the area of LCNP has been destroyed since 2003 for construction of a harbour for bauxite transport. This has also eroded local population’s respect for the NP’s integrity (IUCN & Chimbo 2016).
 
Most of the roads and settlements in LCNP are surrounded by extensive cashew monocultures, which reduces the availability of nesting trees for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees sometimes split branches while crop-raiding, when trying to reach the fruit, leading to irreversible damages of trees and often resulting in chimpanzee-human conflict (Carvalho et al. 2013). During cashew harvesting (March to late June), the number of people inside the park, as well as road traffic, usually increases and the temporary harvest workers show little awareness with respect to the conservation of park biodiversity (Carvalho et al. 2013). Hunting is allowed during the dry season (November until April) but forbidden during the rainy season, usually the reproductive periods (May until October). Chimpanzees and other non- human primates cannot be legally hunted and the trade in bushmeat is illegal at all times (Amador et al. 2015). However hunting for the trade and of primates happens inside the Park as a source of vital income and meat is traded in and outside the park, often to cities as Bissau, where wild meat, particularly big monkeys as baboons, can be sold at higher prices (Quecuta pers. Comm. 2023). The bushmeat trade takes place along the main roads or by boat, with Bissau as the primary destination. Although people from the Beafada ethnic do not eat bush pigs or monkeys due to religious restrictions (Muslims), they still hunt these animals for sale to others (Amador et al. 2015). Even though commercial hunting constitutes a threat to the primate populations, chimpanzees are usually not targeted or sold because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015). One third of the area of LCNP has been destroyed since 2003 for construction of a harbour for bauxite transport. This has also eroded local population’s respect for the NP’s integrity (IUCN & Chimbo 2016).
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|3534 people in 33 rural villages
 
 
|Around 3534 people in 33 rural villages live in the park and heavily dependent on natural resources (Amador et al. 2015)
 
|Around 3534 people in 33 rural villages live in the park and heavily dependent on natural resources (Amador et al. 2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|Ongoing (2015)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
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|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
 
|Present
 
|Present
−
|One third of the  area has been destroyed for construction of a harbor for bauxite transport (IUCN & Chimbo 2016)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|Ongoing (2016)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|Roads used during cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013)
 
|Roads used during cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|Even a commercial bushmeat trade exists; chimpanzees are usually not targeted because of similarities to humans (Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Even a commercial bushmeat trade exists; chimpanzees are usually not targeted because of similarities to humans (Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|During cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013)
 
|During cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
The LCNP attempts to protect biodiversity and simultaneously provide for peoples’ livelihood and development needs (Catarina Casanova, 2015). The Park management provided livelihood related incentives, such as health infrastructures, boreholes, improvement of schools before the LCNP implementation, incentives for the raising and consumption of domestic animals and honey bee production (Amador et al. 2015). Educational approaches, such as engaging local people in pro-conservation behaviours, as well as value and attitude change through environmental education are implemented by Park Guards (Amador et al. 2015). In Long-term population monitoring in LCNP, an important refuge for coastal populations of the western chimpanzee, would be highly desirable and may be achieved by investing in local training and capacity building (Carvalho et al. 2013).
 
The LCNP attempts to protect biodiversity and simultaneously provide for peoples’ livelihood and development needs (Catarina Casanova, 2015). The Park management provided livelihood related incentives, such as health infrastructures, boreholes, improvement of schools before the LCNP implementation, incentives for the raising and consumption of domestic animals and honey bee production (Amador et al. 2015). Educational approaches, such as engaging local people in pro-conservation behaviours, as well as value and attitude change through environmental education are implemented by Park Guards (Amador et al. 2015). In Long-term population monitoring in LCNP, an important refuge for coastal populations of the western chimpanzee, would be highly desirable and may be achieved by investing in local training and capacity building (Carvalho et al. 2013).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|Not as regular (Amador et al. 2015)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. (2023)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|Not reported
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|Designated as natural park in 2000 (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN 2019)
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Amador et al. 2015
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2015)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
The LCNP is managed by a governmental organization, the “Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”. IBAP faces severe funding and personnel limitations despite multiple threats to the park’s integrity (Carvalho et al. 2013).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|2.3 General lack of funding
 +
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|2.2 Lack of staff
 +
|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|5.1. Implement no-hunting seasons for primates
 
−
|Amador et al. 2015
 
−
|Ongoing (2015)
 
−
|-
 
 
|
 
|
−
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
−
|Not as regular (Amador et al. 2015)
 
−
|Ongoing (2015)
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|
−
|Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. (2023)
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
−
|Designated as natural park in 2000 (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN 2019)
 
−
|Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 
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|Amador et al. 2015
 
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|Ongoing (2015)
 
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
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= Research activities =
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= Documented behaviours =
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The LCNP is managed by a governmental organization, the “Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”. IBAP faces severe funding and personnel limitations despite multiple threats to the park’s integrity (Carvalho et al. 2013).
 
  
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!align="left"|Challenges  <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Behavior
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!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
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!Source
 
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|Lack of financial means
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|Not reported
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|Carvalho et al. 2013
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|Lack of human resources
 
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|Carvalho et al. 2013
 
 
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
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= External links =
  
  
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
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= Relevant datasets =
  
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'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park'''
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
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!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
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!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
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|-
 
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|Not reported
 
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= References =
 
= References =
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Amador R et al. 2015. Ethnicity and Perceptions of Bushmeat Hunting Inside Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (LCNP), Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Primatology, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000121<br>
 
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Catarino L, Martins ES, Diniz MA. 2002. Vegetation structure and ecology of the Cufada Lagoon (Guinea-Bissau) African Journal of Ecology. 40: 252–299.<br>
 
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Carvalho, J. S., Marques, T. A., & Vicente, L. 2013. Population Status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071527<br>
 
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IBAP 2007. Estratégia Nacional para as Áreas Protegidas e a Conservação da Biodiversidade na Guiné-Bissau 2007-2011, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Bissau, República da Guiné- Bissau.47.<br>
 
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Imbali F 1997. Estudo do Impacto Sócio-Económico da Criação do Parque das lagoas de Cufada sobre as Populações Residentes, MTAA/ INEP, Bissau, República da Guiné-Bissau.<br>
 
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Sousa C, Gippoliti S, Akhlas M. 2005. Republic of Guinea-Bissau. In: Caldecott J, Miles L, World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation: University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. 362–365.<br>
 
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Sousa J. 2008. Densidade de Pan troglodytes verus (Chimpanzé da África Ocidental) no Parque Natural das Lagoas de Cufada, República da Guiné-Bissau. Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 55 p.<br>
 
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UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lagoas-de-cufada-natural-park  www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
 
−
 
  
−
<br>
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Amador R et al. 2015. Ethnicity and Perceptions of Bushmeat Hunting Inside Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (LCNP), Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Primatology, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000121
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Queba Quecuta '''Date:''' 12/07/2023  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->br><br>
+
 
 +
Catarino L, Martins ES, Diniz MA. 2002. Vegetation structure and ecology of the Cufada Lagoon (Guinea-Bissau) African Journal of Ecology. 40: 252–299.
 +
 
 +
Carvalho, J. S., Marques, T. A., & Vicente, L. 2013. Population Status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071527
 +
 
 +
IBAP 2007. Estratégia Nacional para as Áreas Protegidas e a Conservação da Biodiversidade na Guiné-Bissau 2007-2011, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Bissau, República da Guiné- Bissau.47.
 +
 
 +
Imbali F 1997. Estudo do Impacto Sócio-Económico da Criação do Parque das lagoas de Cufada sobre as Populações Residentes, MTAA/ INEP, Bissau, República da Guiné-Bissau.
 +
 
 +
Sousa C, Gippoliti S, Akhlas M. 2005. Republic of Guinea-Bissau. In: Caldecott J, Miles L, World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation: University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. 362–365.
 +
 
 +
Sousa J. 2008. Densidade de Pan troglodytes verus (Chimpanzé da África Ocidental) no Parque Natural das Lagoas de Cufada, República da Guiné-Bissau. Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 55 p.
 +
 
 +
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lagoas-de-cufada-natural-park  www.protectedplanet.net]
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'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Queba Quecuta''' Date:''' NA

Revision as of 11:08, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Guinea-Bissau > Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park.
  • It has been estimated that between 137 and 311 individuals occur at the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 890 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are disturbance through human activities.
  • Conservation activities conducted by the ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)” include livelihood improvement and awareness raising.


Site characteristics

Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park [LCNP (11.70 N, -15.04 W)] was created in December 2000 in the region of Quinara, in southern Guinea-Bissau and is managed by the governmental organization “Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP)”. LCNP is a Ramsar site and covers an area of 890 km 2 (including water areas) (Sousa C. et al. 2005). The average annual temperature is 26°C and the average annual rainfall 200 mm. The rain season reaches from June to October/ November (Catarino L. 2002). Consisting of three lakes (Biorna, Bedasse and Cufada itself), this park holds the country’s largest freshwater reserve, an important detail for the existence of several rare types of animals and plants. Overall, 33 villages are found in the park, inhabited by 3,534 people of different ethnic groups (Beafada (77.4%), Balanta (8.7%), Fula (3.6%), Manjaco (3.6%), Pepel (2.6%) and Bijagó, Mandiga and Mancanha (4.1%)) (Imbali F. 1997, IBAP. 2007, Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The villagers’ livelihoods rely extensively on natural resources for their survival. Subsistence farming, and bushmeat hunting is common (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). Chimpanzees are not hunted because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015).

Table 1. Basic site information for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 890 km²
Coordinates Lat: 11.70 , Lon: -15.04
Type of site Protected area (Natural Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park is delimited by two main rivers, the Corubal in the north and the Buba River in the south, which limits the chimpanzee distribution north and south of the protected area. Estimates for the chimpanzee population ranges from 137 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013) to 311 individuals (Carvalho, Marques, & Vicente 2013). The population trend is unknown. Nest decay rate was estimated to be 293.9 days (%CV = 58.80).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2007 281 0.75 (0.27-1.67) Unknown Sousa 2008
Pan troglodytes verus 2010 311 0.50 (0.18–1.39) weaned individuals Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park Line transects Carvalho et al. 2013 Total survey effort: 235.2 km
Pan troglodytes verus 2011 137 0.22 (0.08–0.63) weaned individuals Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park Line transects Carvalho et al. 2013 Total survey effort: 67.2 km

Threats

Most of the roads and settlements in LCNP are surrounded by extensive cashew monocultures, which reduces the availability of nesting trees for chimpanzees. Chimpanzees sometimes split branches while crop-raiding, when trying to reach the fruit, leading to irreversible damages of trees and often resulting in chimpanzee-human conflict (Carvalho et al. 2013). During cashew harvesting (March to late June), the number of people inside the park, as well as road traffic, usually increases and the temporary harvest workers show little awareness with respect to the conservation of park biodiversity (Carvalho et al. 2013). Hunting is allowed during the dry season (November until April) but forbidden during the rainy season, usually the reproductive periods (May until October). Chimpanzees and other non- human primates cannot be legally hunted and the trade in bushmeat is illegal at all times (Amador et al. 2015). However hunting for the trade and of primates happens inside the Park as a source of vital income and meat is traded in and outside the park, often to cities as Bissau, where wild meat, particularly big monkeys as baboons, can be sold at higher prices (Quecuta pers. Comm. 2023). The bushmeat trade takes place along the main roads or by boat, with Bissau as the primary destination. Although people from the Beafada ethnic do not eat bush pigs or monkeys due to religious restrictions (Muslims), they still hunt these animals for sale to others (Amador et al. 2015). Even though commercial hunting constitutes a threat to the primate populations, chimpanzees are usually not targeted or sold because of the similarity to humans (Amador et al. 2015). One third of the area of LCNP has been destroyed since 2003 for construction of a harbour for bauxite transport. This has also eroded local population’s respect for the NP’s integrity (IUCN & Chimbo 2016).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Low Around 3534 people in 33 rural villages live in the park and heavily dependent on natural resources (Amador et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying Present Ongoing (2016)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Low Roads used during cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013) Ongoing (2013)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low Even a commercial bushmeat trade exists; chimpanzees are usually not targeted because of similarities to humans (Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Low During cashew harvest (Carvalho et al. 2013) Ongoing (2013)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Absent
7 Natural system modifications Absent
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The LCNP attempts to protect biodiversity and simultaneously provide for peoples’ livelihood and development needs (Catarina Casanova, 2015). The Park management provided livelihood related incentives, such as health infrastructures, boreholes, improvement of schools before the LCNP implementation, incentives for the raising and consumption of domestic animals and honey bee production (Amador et al. 2015). Educational approaches, such as engaging local people in pro-conservation behaviours, as well as value and attitude change through environmental education are implemented by Park Guards (Amador et al. 2015). In Long-term population monitoring in LCNP, an important refuge for coastal populations of the western chimpanzee, would be highly desirable and may be achieved by investing in local training and capacity building (Carvalho et al. 2013).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Not as regular (Amador et al. 2015) Ongoing (2015)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Amador et al. 2015, Quecuta pers. comm. (2023) Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Designated as natural park in 2000 (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN 2019) Ongoing (2023)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) Amador et al. 2015 Ongoing (2015)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The LCNP is managed by a governmental organization, the “Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)”. IBAP faces severe funding and personnel limitations despite multiple threats to the park’s integrity (Carvalho et al. 2013).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.3 General lack of funding Carvalho et al. 2013
2 Resources and capacity 2.2 Lack of staff Carvalho et al. 2013

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Amador R et al. 2015. Ethnicity and Perceptions of Bushmeat Hunting Inside Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (LCNP), Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Primatology, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000121

Catarino L, Martins ES, Diniz MA. 2002. Vegetation structure and ecology of the Cufada Lagoon (Guinea-Bissau) African Journal of Ecology. 40: 252–299.

Carvalho, J. S., Marques, T. A., & Vicente, L. 2013. Population Status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071527

IBAP 2007. Estratégia Nacional para as Áreas Protegidas e a Conservação da Biodiversidade na Guiné-Bissau 2007-2011, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Bissau, República da Guiné- Bissau.47.

Imbali F 1997. Estudo do Impacto Sócio-Económico da Criação do Parque das lagoas de Cufada sobre as Populações Residentes, MTAA/ INEP, Bissau, República da Guiné-Bissau.

Sousa C, Gippoliti S, Akhlas M. 2005. Republic of Guinea-Bissau. In: Caldecott J, Miles L, World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation: University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. 362–365.

Sousa J. 2008. Densidade de Pan troglodytes verus (Chimpanzé da África Ocidental) no Parque Natural das Lagoas de Cufada, República da Guiné-Bissau. Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 55 p.

UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: www.protectedplanet.net


Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Queba Quecuta Date: NA

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