Difference between revisions of "Semenggoh Nature Reserve"

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
 
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
  
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
<div style="float: right">
+
 
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
+
__TOC__
|1.392031, 110.299506~[[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]~Northwest Bornean orangutans
+
= Summary =
}}
+
 
</div>
+
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.392031, 110.299506~[[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]~'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
 
* Northwest Bornean orangutans  (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
 
* Northwest Bornean orangutans  (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
 
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
 
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
Line 22: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
 
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
 
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
 
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
<div><ul>  
+
 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+
 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan2_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan2_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: road_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | Road to visitor center ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: road_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+
= Site characteristics =
</ul></div>
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
  
 
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|6.53 km²
 
|6.53 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
|1.392031, 110.299506
+
|Lat: 1.392031 , Lon:  110.299506
 
|-
 
|-
|Designation
+
|Type of site
|Nature Reserve
+
|Protected area (Nature Reserve)
 
|-
 
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
[[File: Orangutan_eating_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
[[File: Orangutan_eating_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
= Ape status =
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
 
! Species
+
 
! Year
+
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Species
! Area
+
!Year
! Method
+
!Occurrence
! Source
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
! Comments
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 +
!Survey area
 +
!Sampling method
 +
!Analytical framework
 +
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
 
|2016
 
|2016
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|27
 
|27
|
 
|
 
 
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
 
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
 
|Full count
 
|Full count
 +
|
 
|Tisen & Silang 2016
 
|Tisen & Silang 2016
 
|
 
|
Line 75: Line 78:
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
 
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
 
|2023
 
|2023
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|29
 
|29
|
 
|
 
 
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
 
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
 
|Full count
 
|Full count
 +
|
 
|Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023
 
|Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023
 
|
 
|
Line 85: Line 90:
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
  
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
= Threats =
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
 
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
 
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Category
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
+
!Specific threats
 +
!Threat level
 +
!Description
 +
!Year of threat
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|10 Geological events
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
|High
 
|
 
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|12 Other threat
|
 
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
|
+
|1.1 Residential areas
|Unknown
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|
+
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
|
+
|Ongoing (2021)
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
+
|Present (unknown severity)
|
 
 
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
 
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 +
|8.4 Pathogens
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 +
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
 
|
 
|
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
|9. Pollution
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|10. Geological Events
+
|7 Natural system modifications
|
 
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Other options
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
|Absent
+
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
<div><ul>
+
= Conservation activities =
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Main_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Tourists_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: visitor_center_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
</ul></div>
 
  
 
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
 
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
  
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|Not reported
+
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
+
|Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|3 Species health
|Not reported
+
|3.3 Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated apes
 +
|Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|5. Biological resource use
 
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
|Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|3 Species health
|Not reported
+
|3.10 Treat sick/injured apes
 +
|In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
|7. Natural system modifications
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals
 
|Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Education & awareness
|8.16. Treat sick/injured animals
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
| In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|9. Pollution
 
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
|
 
|-
 
|10. Education & Awareness
 
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
 
|Ongoing
 
|Ongoing
 
|-
 
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|5 Protection & restoration
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
+
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
|The site is a nature reserve.
 
|The site is a nature reserve.
 +
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Species management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
+
|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
 
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 +
|
 
|1975-2000
 
|1975-2000
 
|-
 
|-
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Species management
|Other
+
|6.4 Provide supplementary food for apes
|Planting of fruit trees for orangutans (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
 
|
 
|
|12.6. Regularly and continuously provide supplementary food to primates
 
|Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|8 Permanent presence
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
+
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
 +
|
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Main_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | View to feeding platforms ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Tourists_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | ©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: visitor_center_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
 
[[File: feeding_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
 
[[File: feeding_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |©  Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
  
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Enablers
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
+
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2 Resources and capacity
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|3 Engaged community
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Ensure tourists follow the rules when visiting.
+
|5 Ecological context
|(Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
 
 +
= Research activities =
  
 
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
 
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
  
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+
= Documented behaviours =
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
 
!align="left"|Behavior
+
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
 +
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
=External links=
+
 
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
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[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
 
[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
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= Relevant datasets =
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= References =
 
= References =
Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/<br>
 
Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.<br>
 
Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
 
Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
 
Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/ <br>
 
  
<br>
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Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/
'''Page completed by: '''Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/09/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.
 +
 
 +
Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
 +
 
 +
Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
 +
 
 +
Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/
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'''Page created by: '''Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:12, 18 March 2025

Asia > Malaysia > Semenggoh Nature Reserve

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Summary

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  • Northwest Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
  • 27 individuals occur in the site.
  • The orangutan population trend is stable.
  • The site has a total size of 6.53 km².
  • Key threats to orangutans are habitat encroachment and hunting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
  • Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.


  • © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth
  • © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth
  • Road to visitor center © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth

Site characteristics

The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot (SFC). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak (SFC). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds (SFC).

Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Species 'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
Area 6.53 km²
Coordinates Lat: 1.392031 , Lon: 110.299506
Type of site Protected area (Nature Reserve)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 2016 27 Semenggoh Nature Reserve Full count Tisen & Silang 2016
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 2023 29 Semenggoh Nature Reserve Full count Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023


Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High (more than 70% of population affected) Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021). Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Poaching (Ali 2021). Ongoing (2021)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.4 Pathogens Present (unknown severity) Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Species health 3.3 Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated apes Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
3 Species health 3.10 Treat sick/injured apes In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public (SFC). Ongoing
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is a nature reserve. Ongoing (2023)
6 Species management 6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild (SFC). 1975-2000
6 Species management 6.4 Provide supplementary food for apes Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023). Ongoing (2023)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities (SFC). Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

  • View to feeding platforms © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth
  • © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth
  • © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth

Challenges

Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023
© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.


Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Semenggoh Nature Reserve

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Semenggoh Nature Reserve]

Relevant datasets

References

Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/

Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.

Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.

Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.

Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/


Page created by: Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA