Difference between revisions of "Bakossi National Park"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Bakossi National Park]]
  
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- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.069109, 9.586158~[[Bakossi National Park]]~'Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>
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* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Bakossi National Park.
 +
* The population size is unknown.
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
 +
* The site has a total size of 293km².
 +
* Chimpanzees are mainly threatened by hunting.
 +
* Conservation activities are not documented.
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
  
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* Ape taxa present
 
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* Ape population size
 
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
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= Site characteristics =
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Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The park was created in 2008 to protect its rich plant diversity. The altitude in the park ranges from 300 m to 1,895 m above sea level, giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in ''Caesalpiniaceae''. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Morgan et al. 2011, Kupsch et al. 2024). The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes ellioti''). Other primates include red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, crowned monkey, putty-nosed monkey, mona monkey and other important mammals like red river hog, yellow-backed duiker, Bay duiker, Ogilby duiker, blue duiker, and tree pangolin (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024). The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation (WWF).
  
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park'''
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Species
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+
|'Pan troglodytes ellioti''
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+
|-
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
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|Area
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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|293 km²
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|-
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|
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|Coordinates
 +
|Lat: 5.069109 , Lon: 9.586158
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Type of site
−
|
+
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Habitat types
−
|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Type of governance
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
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<br>
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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−
 
  
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
  
 +
= Ape status =
  
 +
In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Mbua 2021). However, chimpanzees have also been found in relatively large numbers in the southern and western parts of the park, which are also characterized by lower altitude ranges (Kupsch et al. 2024). Due to lacking data from past years, there are no trends on the population or abundance of chimpanzees available. However, in 2023, the relative abundance of chimpanzees in Bakossi NP was high compared to other important protected areas with chimpanzee presence in the Southwest Region of Cameroon (Mt. Cameroon and Korup NP, Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary; Kupsch et al. 2024).
  
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bakossi National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate (per km²)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2021.0
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 
|
 
|
 +
|Mbua 2021
 +
|Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nest clusters 0.07 per km, and feeding signs 0.03 per km
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2021.0
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
+
|Bakossi National Park
−
 
+
|Reconnaissance walk
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
 
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
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!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
−
!Specific threats    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
−
!Threat level        <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
 
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
 
−
!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
−
!Year of threat      <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
−
|-
 
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Calculated based on data from Boekee et al. 2021
 +
|Survey effort 70 km. 0.2 nest cluster enc/km
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2021.0
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Bakossi National Park
 +
|Camera trap
 +
|
 +
|Calculated based on data from Boekee et al. 2021
 +
|Survey effort 545 camera days; 0.18 camera rec/100d +/- 0.18 (SE)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2023.0
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Bakossi National Park
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 +
|Kupsch et al. 2024
 +
|Survey effort 175.7 km. 0.33 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.08 (SE)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2023.0
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Bakossi National Park
 +
|Camera trap
 
|
 
|
 +
|Kupsch et al. 2024
 +
|Survey effort 1,131 camera days. 0.97 camera rec/100d +/- 0.71 (SE)
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Threats =
 +
 +
Hunting is a major threat to large mammals, including chimpanzees, in Bakossi National Park (Kupsch et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bakossi National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
 +
!Category
 +
!Specific threats
 +
!Threat level
 +
!Description
 +
!Year of threat
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|10 Geological events
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|12 Other threat
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023). Cartridge shell rate 0.32 enc/h ± 0.09 (SE) and trap rate 0.32 enc/h ± 0.11 (SE) from recces in 2023 (Kupsch et al. 2024); gunshot rate 14.03 rec/100d ± 5.48 from acoustic sensors in 2023 (Kupsch et al. 2024).
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.1 Residential areas
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|There are settlements inside the park (southern sector) which are officially illegal and linked to farms in the site (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024).
 +
|2021-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|
 
|
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Agricultural encroachment from villages situated inside and outside the park (Boekee et al. 2021).
 +
|2021-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 +
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023).
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Military-political crisis in the entire region with ranging rebel groups in and around Bakossi National Park. Since 2021, the park has been accessible from the east again for research and eco guards (Boekee et al. 2021, Mbua 2021); since 2023, the entire park is accessible again (Kupsch et al. 2024).
 +
|2018-2021
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|3 Energy production & mining
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
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|7 Natural system modifications
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|9 Pollution
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
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|11 Climate change & severe weather
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|
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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Bakossi National Park is under the administration of the Cameroonian Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), which is supported by the PSMNR-SWR development program and follows a collaborative management approach (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). In addition to support for infrastructure, households, education and training, this also includes protection activities such as demarcation and patrolling, as well as bio-monitoring (Kupsch et al. 2024). In addition to communities and their members, community-based organizations are also involved in management. Bakossi National Park has been included in the PSMNR-SWR development scheme in 2018. Before it was part of the WWF coastal forests programme (WWF), however, little is documented on the conservation activities from that time.
  
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+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bakossi National Park'''
−
This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
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+
!Category
−
 
+
!Specific activity
−
 
+
!Description
−
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
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!Implementing organization(s)
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
!Year of activity
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
 
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
 
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
 
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 +
|Anti-poaching patrols evaluation and design (PSMNR-SWR n.d., BNP n.d.).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2018-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 +
|Involvement in bio-monitoring as part of a collaborative management approach (Kupsch et al. 2024).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2023-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 +
|The park was established in 2008.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2008-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|
+
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
−
|
+
|Boundary demarcation activities of park staff and communities (PSMNR-SWR n.d.).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2008-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|7 Economic & other incentives
−
|
+
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
−
|
+
|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, small scale piggery and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d., BNP n.d.).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2018-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 +
Since 2017, there has been a military-political crisis with a very poor security situation in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, which has made law enforcement impossible. Eco-guards and researchers could not enter the national park and most of the villages within and adjacent to it (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024). Since 2021, the park has been accessible to eco-guards and researchers in its eastern and central sections (Boekee et al. 2021). The entire park area has been accessible again since 2023, subject to due caution and arrival from the south, east or north. (Kupsch et al. 2024).
 +
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|
+
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
−
|
+
|Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|
+
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
−
|
+
|Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|
+
|6.1 Political/economic instabilty
−
|
+
|Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|
+
|6.2 Insecurity
−
|
+
|Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bakossi National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|2 Resources and capacity
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|3 Engaged community
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|4 Institutional support
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|5 Ecological context
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|6 Safety and stability
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
  
 +
= Research activities =
 +
 +
The landscapes in and around Bakossi National Park are very heterogeneous and are home to a rich diversity of avifauna and flora, on which research has so far focused largely (BirdLife International 2023). Research objects, surveys or data on large mammals and especially chimpanzees are scarce, incomplete or lost (Kupsch et al. 2024). Since the military-political crisis in the region subsided, initial attempts have been made to assess the status of chimpanzees in Bakossi National Park, including area-wide recce, acoustic and camera surveys and a community-based monitoring in hotspot areas of the park (Kupsch et al. 2024). The results of the surveys and reports are expected in 2025.
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 
  
 +
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
  
  
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bakossi National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
  
 +
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
  
−
Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
+
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
 +
!'''Value'''
 +
!'''1981-2010'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 +
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 +
|-
 +
|Mean temperature [°C]
 +
|25.3
 +
|26.4
 +
|26.3
 +
|26.6
 +
|27.6
 +
|-
 +
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 +
|2566
 +
|2672
 +
|2686
 +
|2749
 +
|2756
 +
|-
 +
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 +
|36.5
 +
|29.3
 +
|34.4
 +
|32.6
 +
|36
 +
|-
 +
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 +
|6
 +
|8.2
 +
|8
 +
|9
 +
|8.9
 +
|}
  
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park'''
−
 
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
!'''Type'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 +
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 +
|-
 +
|Crop failure
 +
|3.5
 +
|0.33
 +
|4
 +
|0
 +
|0.5
 +
|0.13
 +
|5.5
 +
|0.01
 +
|-
 +
|Drought
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|Heatwave
 +
|8
 +
|100
 +
|7
 +
|100
 +
|7.5
 +
|100
 +
|10.5
 +
|100
 +
|-
 +
|River flood
 +
|2.5
 +
|0.7
 +
|1
 +
|0.86
 +
|1.5
 +
|2.05
 +
|5
 +
|1.81
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|Tropical cyclone
−
|
+
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 +
|0
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Wildfire
 +
|30
 +
|0.63
 +
|30
 +
|0.65
 +
|29
 +
|0.63
 +
|29
 +
|0.66
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li></ul></div>
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
+
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF Bakossi NP]
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
  
−
<br>
 
  
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
 +
 +
BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.<br>
 +
BNP (n.d.). About Bakossi National Park. https://bakossinationalpark.org/about-the-park/ <br>
 +
Boekee, K., Motale, T., and Arong, C. (2021). Bakossi National Park - Reconnaissance survey report. Explorative survey in preparation to establish bio-monitoring surveys. Project report. PSMNR-SWR, Buea. 24p. <br>
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. <br>
 +
Mbua A. A. (2021). Habitat conditions in relation to the distribution of chimpanzees in the South East Cluster of Bakossi National Park South West Region of Cameroon. End of internship report. Submitted to obtain a B.Sc. degree. Advance School of Engineering of Maroua, Cameroon. 73p. <br>
 +
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., et al. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>
 +
Kupsch, D., Motale, T., and Sumbede, A. (2024). Status of large mammals and human activities in Bakossi National Park. PSMNR-SWR bio-monitoring report. Buea, Cameroon. 32p. <br>
 +
PSMNR-SWR (n.d.). About PSMNR-SWR. https://psmnrswr.org/about-psmnr-swr/ <br>
 +
  
  
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<br>
 
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'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''    Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
 
  
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<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
+
'''Page created by: '''Denish Kupsch & Anthoine Sumbede''' Date:''' 2023-05-13
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<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 09:13, 18 March 2025

Central Africa > Cameroon > Bakossi National Park

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Summary

+−
Leaflet | Map data: © OpenStreetMap, SRTM | Map style: © OpenTopoMap (CC-BY-SA), © OpenStreetMap
  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Bakossi National Park.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 293km².
  • Chimpanzees are mainly threatened by hunting.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.


Site characteristics

Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The park was created in 2008 to protect its rich plant diversity. The altitude in the park ranges from 300 m to 1,895 m above sea level, giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Morgan et al. 2011, Kupsch et al. 2024). The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). Other primates include red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, crowned monkey, putty-nosed monkey, mona monkey and other important mammals like red river hog, yellow-backed duiker, Bay duiker, Ogilby duiker, blue duiker, and tree pangolin (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024). The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation (WWF).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park

Species 'Pan troglodytes ellioti
Area 293 km²
Coordinates Lat: 5.069109 , Lon: 9.586158
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Mbua 2021). However, chimpanzees have also been found in relatively large numbers in the southern and western parts of the park, which are also characterized by lower altitude ranges (Kupsch et al. 2024). Due to lacking data from past years, there are no trends on the population or abundance of chimpanzees available. However, in 2023, the relative abundance of chimpanzees in Bakossi NP was high compared to other important protected areas with chimpanzee presence in the Southwest Region of Cameroon (Mt. Cameroon and Korup NP, Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary; Kupsch et al. 2024).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bakossi National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2021.0 Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2 Reconnaissance walk Mbua 2021 Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nest clusters 0.07 per km, and feeding signs 0.03 per km
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2021.0 Bakossi National Park Reconnaissance walk Calculated based on data from Boekee et al. 2021 Survey effort 70 km. 0.2 nest cluster enc/km
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2021.0 Bakossi National Park Camera trap Calculated based on data from Boekee et al. 2021 Survey effort 545 camera days; 0.18 camera rec/100d +/- 0.18 (SE)
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2023.0 Bakossi National Park Reconnaissance walk Kupsch et al. 2024 Survey effort 175.7 km. 0.33 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.08 (SE)
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2023.0 Bakossi National Park Camera trap Kupsch et al. 2024 Survey effort 1,131 camera days. 0.97 camera rec/100d +/- 0.71 (SE)


Threats

Hunting is a major threat to large mammals, including chimpanzees, in Bakossi National Park (Kupsch et al. 2024).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bakossi National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023). Cartridge shell rate 0.32 enc/h ± 0.09 (SE) and trap rate 0.32 enc/h ± 0.11 (SE) from recces in 2023 (Kupsch et al. 2024); gunshot rate 14.03 rec/100d ± 5.48 from acoustic sensors in 2023 (Kupsch et al. 2024). Ongoing (2024)
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Present (unknown severity) There are settlements inside the park (southern sector) which are officially illegal and linked to farms in the site (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024). 2021-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Present (unknown severity) Agricultural encroachment from villages situated inside and outside the park (Boekee et al. 2021). 2021-Ongoing (2024)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Present (unknown severity) An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023). Ongoing (2023)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Present (unknown severity) Military-political crisis in the entire region with ranging rebel groups in and around Bakossi National Park. Since 2021, the park has been accessible from the east again for research and eco guards (Boekee et al. 2021, Mbua 2021); since 2023, the entire park is accessible again (Kupsch et al. 2024). 2018-2021
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Bakossi National Park is under the administration of the Cameroonian Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), which is supported by the PSMNR-SWR development program and follows a collaborative management approach (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). In addition to support for infrastructure, households, education and training, this also includes protection activities such as demarcation and patrolling, as well as bio-monitoring (Kupsch et al. 2024). In addition to communities and their members, community-based organizations are also involved in management. Bakossi National Park has been included in the PSMNR-SWR development scheme in 2018. Before it was part of the WWF coastal forests programme (WWF), however, little is documented on the conservation activities from that time.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bakossi National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Anti-poaching patrols evaluation and design (PSMNR-SWR n.d., BNP n.d.). 2018-Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management Involvement in bio-monitoring as part of a collaborative management approach (Kupsch et al. 2024). 2023-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The park was established in 2008. 2008-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration 5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas Boundary demarcation activities of park staff and communities (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). 2008-Ongoing (2024)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, small scale piggery and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d., BNP n.d.). 2018-Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Since 2017, there has been a military-political crisis with a very poor security situation in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, which has made law enforcement impossible. Eco-guards and researchers could not enter the national park and most of the villages within and adjacent to it (Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024). Since 2021, the park has been accessible to eco-guards and researchers in its eastern and central sections (Boekee et al. 2021). The entire park area has been accessible again since 2023, subject to due caution and arrival from the south, east or north. (Kupsch et al. 2024).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity 2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024 Ongoing (2024)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024 Ongoing (2024)
6 Safety and stability 6.1 Political/economic instabilty Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024 Ongoing (2024)
6 Safety and stability 6.2 Insecurity Boekee et al. 2021, Kupsch et al. 2024 Ongoing (2024)


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bakossi National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

The landscapes in and around Bakossi National Park are very heterogeneous and are home to a rich diversity of avifauna and flora, on which research has so far focused largely (BirdLife International 2023). Research objects, surveys or data on large mammals and especially chimpanzees are scarce, incomplete or lost (Kupsch et al. 2024). Since the military-political crisis in the region subsided, initial attempts have been made to assess the status of chimpanzees in Bakossi National Park, including area-wide recce, acoustic and camera surveys and a community-based monitoring in hotspot areas of the park (Kupsch et al. 2024). The results of the surveys and reports are expected in 2025.


Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bakossi National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 25.3 26.4 26.3 26.6 27.6
Annual precipitation [mm] 2566 2672 2686 2749 2756
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 36.5 29.3 34.4 32.6 36
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6 8.2 8 9 8.9


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 3.5 0.33 4 0 0.5 0.13 5.5 0.01
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 8 100 7 100 7.5 100 10.5 100
River flood 2.5 0.7 1 0.86 1.5 2.05 5 1.81
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.63 30 0.65 29 0.63 29 0.66


  • Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park

External links

WWF Bakossi NP

Relevant datasets

References

BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.
BNP (n.d.). About Bakossi National Park. https://bakossinationalpark.org/about-the-park/
Boekee, K., Motale, T., and Arong, C. (2021). Bakossi National Park - Reconnaissance survey report. Explorative survey in preparation to establish bio-monitoring surveys. Project report. PSMNR-SWR, Buea. 24p.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
Mbua A. A. (2021). Habitat conditions in relation to the distribution of chimpanzees in the South East Cluster of Bakossi National Park South West Region of Cameroon. End of internship report. Submitted to obtain a B.Sc. degree. Advance School of Engineering of Maroua, Cameroon. 73p.
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., et al. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.
Kupsch, D., Motale, T., and Sumbede, A. (2024). Status of large mammals and human activities in Bakossi National Park. PSMNR-SWR bio-monitoring report. Buea, Cameroon. 32p.
PSMNR-SWR (n.d.). About PSMNR-SWR. https://psmnrswr.org/about-psmnr-swr/



Page created by: Denish Kupsch & Anthoine Sumbede Date: 2023-05-13

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