Difference between revisions of "Loango National Park"

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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Loango National Park]]
  
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- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Loango_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Loango_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Loango_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Loango_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Loango_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
  
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- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
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__TOC__
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- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
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= Summary =
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- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
 
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  2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
 
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  3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
 
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    to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
 
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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
 
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[[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-2.118840 , 9.605397~[[Loango National Park]]~'Pan troglodytes troglodytes''}}</div>
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* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Loango National Park.
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* The population sizes are unknown.
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* The population trends are unknown.
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* The site has a total size of 1,550 km².
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* Key threats to great apes include poaching, disturbance due to tourism and human presence and oil exploration.
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* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and involving local communities in research activities.
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
 
  
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* Ape taxa present
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[[File: chimpanzee loango woods.jpg | 500px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
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* Ape population size
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= Site characteristics =
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* Ape population trend
 
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* This site has a total size of XX km².
 
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* Key threats to apes are ...
 
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* Additional information
 
  
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Loango National Park is located in the south west of Gabon and borders the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a mosaic of different habitat types varying from marine, coastal lagoons, mangrove swamps, coastal forest, secondary and primary forest and open savannah. It is ecologically distinct from other long-term chimpanzee sites thereby providing the rare opportunity to enable unique insights into chimpanzees’ behavioral plasticity (REF). In addition to central chimpanzees, the national park is also home to western low-land gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''), forest buffaloes (''Syncerus caffer''), forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), as well as several resident and migratory bird species, such as rosy bee-eaters (''Merops malimbicus'') (REF).
  
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= Site characteristics =
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Species
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This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.
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|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|-
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|Area
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|1,550 km²
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'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
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|-
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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|Coordinates
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| Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
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|Lat: -2.118840  , Lon: 9.605397
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|
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| Coordinates
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|Type of site
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|
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|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
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| Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
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|Habitat types
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|
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|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Marine coastal/supratidal
 
|-
 
|-
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|Habitat types    <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
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|Type of governance
 
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|}
 
|}
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[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
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<br>
 
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= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
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This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).
 
  
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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[[File: chimpanzees loango coast.jpg | 500px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
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= Ape status =
  
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To date there has only been one survey conducted regarding chimpanzee abundance in Loango National park. This was done through the collection of wild chimpanzee fecal samples for genetic capture-recapture analyses over a four-year period (2005-2008) in a 132 km2 area of the National Park (Arandjelovic et al. 2011).
  
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'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
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!Species
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! Year
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!Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
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!Occurrence
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! Density estimate (per km²)
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!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Area
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!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Method
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!Survey area
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! Source
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!Sampling method
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! Comments
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!Analytical framework
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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!Source
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!Comments
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!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
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|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
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|2005-2008
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|2.14 (1.57 - 2.39)
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|283 (208 - 316)
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|132 sq.km
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|Reconnaissance walk
 
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|
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|
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|Arandjelovic et al. 2011
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|}
 
|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
  
  
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This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.
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= Threats =
  
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Gabon boasts an important store of natural resources, the most prominent being oil. In 2006 and 2007 a petroleum company conducted seismic exploration inside Loango National Park (Rabanal et al. 2010). It has been shown that the most common behavioral change exhibited by wildlife to intense human-produced noise is active avoidance. The study modeled seismic impact over different spatial scales (small, intermediate and large) and found that apes avoided seismic activity on the intermediate and small scales (REF).
  
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'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
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!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific threats
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!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
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!Threat level
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!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
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!Description
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!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Year of threat
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!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|1 Residential & commercial development
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|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
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|Absent
 
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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−
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|
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|Absent
 
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|4 Transportation & service corridors
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−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|10 Geological events
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−
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|Absent
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|12 Other threat
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|
 
−
|
 
 
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|Absent
 
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|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|5 Biological resource use
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|
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|
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|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
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|Signs of poacher trails in the far North of the territory (REF).
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6.1 Recreational activities
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|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
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|Loango National park is open to tourism and therefore there is the possibility of exposure of apes to humans outside of the research area. Additionally, vehicles for safari outings may pose a disturbance to ape populations along these routes.
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6.3 Other human disturbances
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|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
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|The very presence of the research camp itself poses a disturbance to great apes and territory avoidance may take place.
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|-
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|3 Energy production & mining
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|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
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|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
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|Effect of seismic oil exploration on large mammal distribution (Rabanal et al. 2010)
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|2006-2007
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|-
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|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
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|Unknown
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|9 Pollution
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−
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|
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|Unknown
 
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|-
 
|-
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|9. Pollution
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|11 Climate change & severe weather
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−
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|Unknown
 
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|
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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[[File:Chimpanzees loango savanna.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
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= Conservation activities =
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In 2005 the first research camp was set up as a Pan African Programme (PanAf) study site, and this later became the Ozouga camp and base of the Loango Chimpanzee Project. The establishment of this site ensures the continued presence of researchers in the study area, which, at other sites, has been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011).
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
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!Category
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!Specific activity
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!Description
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!Implementing organization(s)
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!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
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|Anti-poaching patrols are conducted regularly by the ANPN.
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|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
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|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
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|11. Climate change & severe weather
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|4 Education & awareness
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|
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|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
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|
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|The Loango Chimpanzee project has recruited members of the local community as guides who are trained to collect data since 2006.
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|
 
−
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|
 
|
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|Ongoing (2021)
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|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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[[File: chimpanzee loango camp.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | © Lara Southern]]
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= Challenges =
 +
 +
 +
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
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!Challenges
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!Specific challenges
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!Source
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!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
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|12. Other options
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
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|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
  
  
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This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below.
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= Enablers =
  
  
  
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'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
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'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
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!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Enablers
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!Specific activity    <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
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!Specific enablers
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!Description        <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
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!Source
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!Year of activity        <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
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!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|1 Site management
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|2 Resources and capacity
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|3 Engaged community
 
|
 
|
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|4 Institutional support
 
|
 
|
 
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|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5 Ecological context
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
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|-
 
|-
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
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|6 Safety and stability
 
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|}
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 +
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= Research activities =
 +
 +
 +
 +
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= Documented behaviours =
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 +
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'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Loango National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
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!Behavior
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!Source
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|-
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|Ant eating without tools
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|SOURCE
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|-
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|Bathing
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|SOURCE
 +
|-
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|Branch dragging
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|SOURCE
 +
|-
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|Branch shaking
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|SOURCE
 +
|-
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|Buttress beating
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|SOURCE
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
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|Fruit cleaning
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|
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|SOURCE
−
|
+
|-
−
|
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|Honey eating
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|SOURCE
 +
|-
 +
|Honey eating with tools
 +
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|Honey extraction with tools
−
|
+
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019; Boesch et al. 2009
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
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|Honey extraction without tools
−
|
+
|Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
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|Hunting and meat eating
−
|
+
|Pika et al. 2019
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|Leaf cushion
−
|
+
|SOURCE
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
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|Leaf sponging for drinking water
−
|
+
|SOURCE
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|Lethal intragroup aggression
−
|
+
|Martinez-inigo et al. (in press)
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Termite eating without tools
 +
|SOURCE
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
  
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
−
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 
  
  
−
Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.
 
  
  
−
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
+
= External links =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
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−
!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chIzPMJDgXE The Loango Chimpanzee Project in Gabon]
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!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+
 
−
|-
+
= Relevant datasets =
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
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|}
 
  
  
  
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= References =
  
 +
Arandjelovic, M., Head, J., Rabanal, L. I., Schubert, G., Mettke, E., Boesch, C., Robbins, M. M., & Vigilant, L. (2011). Non-Invasive genetic monitoring of wild central chimpanzees. PLoS ONE,6(3): e14761.
  
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Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site.
+
Boesch, C., Head, J., & Robbins, M. M. (2009). Complex tool sets for honey extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. Journal of Human Evolution, 56(6), 560-569.
  
 +
Estienne, V. L., Robira, B., Mundry, R., Deschner, T., & Boesch, C. (2019). Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Animal Behaviour, 147, 61-76.
  
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
Estienne, V., Mundry, R., Kuehl, H.S., Boesch, C. (2017). Exploitation of underground bee nests by three sympatric consumers in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biotropica, 49(1), 101-109.
  
−
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
+
Estienne V, Stephens C, Boesch C. (2017). Extraction of honey from underground bee nests by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon: Techniques and individual differences. Am J Primatol, 79(1).
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for behavior -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
 +
Estienne, V. L. (2017). Tool-use technique for the extraction of underground honey by central African chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. PhD Thesis, Universität, Leipzig.
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
+
Estienne, V., & Boesch, C. (2015). Underground honey extraction by chimpanzees, honey badgers and forest elephants in Loango National Park, Gabon. Folia Primatologica, 86(4), 276-277.
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
−
<br>
+
Martinez-inigo, L., Baas, P., Klein, H., Pika, S., Deschner T. (in press). Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates.
  
 +
Rabanal, L. I., Kuehl, H., Mundry, R., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (2010). Oil prospecting and its impact on large rainforest mammals in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biological Conservation, 143(4), 1017-1024.
  
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= References =
+
Pika, S., Klein, H., Bunel, S., Baas, P., Théleste, E., & Deschner, T. (2019). Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) exploit tortoises (Kinixys erosa) via percussive technology. Scientific Reports, 9(1).
  
  
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<br>
 
−
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX '''    Date:''' DD/MM/YY  <br>
 
  
−
<i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i>
+
'''Page created by: '''Lara Southern''' Date:''' NA
−
<br><br>
 

Latest revision as of 09:15, 18 March 2025

Central Africa > Gabon > Loango National Park

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Summary

Loading map...
  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Loango National Park.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The population trends are unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 1,550 km².
  • Key threats to great apes include poaching, disturbance due to tourism and human presence and oil exploration.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and involving local communities in research activities.


© Lara Southern

Site characteristics

Loango National Park is located in the south west of Gabon and borders the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a mosaic of different habitat types varying from marine, coastal lagoons, mangrove swamps, coastal forest, secondary and primary forest and open savannah. It is ecologically distinct from other long-term chimpanzee sites thereby providing the rare opportunity to enable unique insights into chimpanzees’ behavioral plasticity (REF). In addition to central chimpanzees, the national park is also home to western low-land gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), forest buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), as well as several resident and migratory bird species, such as rosy bee-eaters (Merops malimbicus) (REF).

Table 1. Basic site information for Loango National Park

Species 'Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Area 1,550 km²
Coordinates Lat: -2.118840 , Lon: 9.605397
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Marine coastal/supratidal
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

© Lara Southern

Ape status

To date there has only been one survey conducted regarding chimpanzee abundance in Loango National park. This was done through the collection of wild chimpanzee fecal samples for genetic capture-recapture analyses over a four-year period (2005-2008) in a 132 km2 area of the National Park (Arandjelovic et al. 2011).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Loango National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2005-2008 2.14 (1.57 - 2.39) 283 (208 - 316) 132 sq.km Reconnaissance walk Arandjelovic et al. 2011


Threats

Gabon boasts an important store of natural resources, the most prominent being oil. In 2006 and 2007 a petroleum company conducted seismic exploration inside Loango National Park (Rabanal et al. 2010). It has been shown that the most common behavioral change exhibited by wildlife to intense human-produced noise is active avoidance. The study modeled seismic impact over different spatial scales (small, intermediate and large) and found that apes avoided seismic activity on the intermediate and small scales (REF).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Loango National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture Absent
4 Transportation & service corridors Absent
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Low (up to 30% of population affected) Signs of poacher trails in the far North of the territory (REF). Ongoing (2021)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities Low (up to 30% of population affected) Loango National park is open to tourism and therefore there is the possibility of exposure of apes to humans outside of the research area. Additionally, vehicles for safari outings may pose a disturbance to ape populations along these routes. Ongoing (2021)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.3 Other human disturbances Low (up to 30% of population affected) The very presence of the research camp itself poses a disturbance to great apes and territory avoidance may take place. Ongoing (2021)
3 Energy production & mining 3.1 Oil & gas drilling Medium (30-70% of population affected) Effect of seismic oil exploration on large mammal distribution (Rabanal et al. 2010) 2006-2007
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

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Conservation activities

In 2005 the first research camp was set up as a Pan African Programme (PanAf) study site, and this later became the Ozouga camp and base of the Loango Chimpanzee Project. The establishment of this site ensures the continued presence of researchers in the study area, which, at other sites, has been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Loango National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Anti-poaching patrols are conducted regularly by the ANPN. Ongoing (2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management The Loango Chimpanzee project has recruited members of the local community as guides who are trained to collect data since 2006. Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

© Lara Southern

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Loango National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Loango National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Loango National Park

Behavior Source
Ant eating without tools SOURCE
Bathing SOURCE
Branch dragging SOURCE
Branch shaking SOURCE
Buttress beating SOURCE
Fruit cleaning SOURCE
Honey eating SOURCE
Honey eating with tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
Honey extraction with tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019; Boesch et al. 2009
Honey extraction without tools Estienne et al. 2015, 2017, 2019
Hunting and meat eating Pika et al. 2019
Leaf cushion SOURCE
Leaf sponging for drinking water SOURCE
Lethal intragroup aggression Martinez-inigo et al. (in press)
Termite eating without tools SOURCE


Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

The Loango Chimpanzee Project in Gabon

Relevant datasets

References

Arandjelovic, M., Head, J., Rabanal, L. I., Schubert, G., Mettke, E., Boesch, C., Robbins, M. M., & Vigilant, L. (2011). Non-Invasive genetic monitoring of wild central chimpanzees. PLoS ONE,6(3): e14761.

Boesch, C., Head, J., & Robbins, M. M. (2009). Complex tool sets for honey extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. Journal of Human Evolution, 56(6), 560-569.

Estienne, V. L., Robira, B., Mundry, R., Deschner, T., & Boesch, C. (2019). Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Animal Behaviour, 147, 61-76.

Estienne, V., Mundry, R., Kuehl, H.S., Boesch, C. (2017). Exploitation of underground bee nests by three sympatric consumers in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biotropica, 49(1), 101-109.

Estienne V, Stephens C, Boesch C. (2017). Extraction of honey from underground bee nests by central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Loango National Park, Gabon: Techniques and individual differences. Am J Primatol, 79(1).

Estienne, V. L. (2017). Tool-use technique for the extraction of underground honey by central African chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon. PhD Thesis, Universität, Leipzig.

Estienne, V., & Boesch, C. (2015). Underground honey extraction by chimpanzees, honey badgers and forest elephants in Loango National Park, Gabon. Folia Primatologica, 86(4), 276-277.

Martinez-inigo, L., Baas, P., Klein, H., Pika, S., Deschner T. (in press). Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates.

Rabanal, L. I., Kuehl, H., Mundry, R., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (2010). Oil prospecting and its impact on large rainforest mammals in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biological Conservation, 143(4), 1017-1024.

Pika, S., Klein, H., Bunel, S., Baas, P., Théleste, E., & Deschner, T. (2019). Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) exploit tortoises (Kinixys erosa) via percussive technology. Scientific Reports, 9(1).


Page created by: Lara Southern Date: NA

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