Difference between revisions of "Rio Muni"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Rio Muni]]
 
[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Rio Muni]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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__TOC__
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= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.700144, 10.472875~[[Rio Muni]]~'Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Rio Muni.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Rio Muni.
 
* It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site.
Line 17: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 
* Conservation activities are not documented.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]).
 
Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|26,017 km²
 
|26,017 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|1.700144 N, 10.472875 E
+
|Lat: 1.700144 , Lon:  10.472875
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high tide level, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
+
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).
 
The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Rio Muni'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
−
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' & ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
+
|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
 
|2011
 
|2011
−
|11,097 (8,719–13,592)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|11,097 (8,719-13,592)
 
|Río Muni
 
|Río Muni
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|Murai et al. 2013
 
|Survey effort: 233.94 km
 
|Survey effort: 233.94 km
Line 66: Line 74:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
 
The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).
 
The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Rio Muni'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|10 Geological events
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|
−
|High
+
|Absent
 
|
 
|
−
|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013).
 
−
|Ongoing (2013)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
−
|Medium
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013).
 
−
|Ongoing (2013)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|12 Other threat
−
|
 
−
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.1 Residential areas
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013).
 +
|Ongoing (2013)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).
 +
|1990-Ongoing (2001)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013).
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|Ongoing (2013)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|9 Pollution
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
+
|}
 +
 
 +
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 
 +
Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).
 +
 
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|
+
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
−
|Absent
+
|Murai et al. 2013
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Rio Muni'''
+
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Rio Muni'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Enablers
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific enablers
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Source
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|10. Education & Awareness
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
−
Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).
+
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea]
−
 
 
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Murai et al. 2013
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
  
−
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea]
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Rio Muni'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rio Muni'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 09:17, 18 March 2025

Central Africa > Equatorial Guinea > Rio Muni

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Rio Muni.
  • It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 26,017 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.


Site characteristics

Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons (Britannica).

Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni

Species 'Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 26,017 km²
Coordinates Lat: 1.700144 , Lon: 10.472875
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
'Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2011 11,097 (8,719-13,592) Río Muni Line transects Murai et al. 2013 Survey effort: 233.94 km

Threats

The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events Absent
12 Other threat Absent
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High (more than 70% of population affected) In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads High (more than 70% of population affected) Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013). 1990-Ongoing (2001)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Medium (30-70% of population affected) Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013). Ongoing (2013)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Challenges

Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Murai et al. 2013

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Rio Muni

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rio Muni

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024


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